أساسيات الطيران

Complete overview of airport operations. Runways, air traffic control, ground handling, baggage systems, and terminal management explained.

Controller roles, traffic management procedures, radar systems, and radio communication. How ATC keeps millions of flights safe.

Runway numbering based on magnetic heading. How parallel runway suffixes (L/C/R) work and why numbers change over time.

The four forces of flight — lift, thrust, drag, and weight. Wing mechanics, control surfaces, and the physics of flight.

Weather disruptions explained. Thunderstorms, crosswinds, fog, and seasonal patterns that cause delays, diversions, and turbulence.

Physics and economics behind cruise altitude. Jet streams, fuel efficiency, air density, and how altitude affects flight performance.

Runway selection, ILS approaches, visual vs instrument landing, and the technology that enables safe takeoffs and landings.

Types of turbulence — clear air, convective, wake, and mechanical. Aircraft tolerance levels, safety data, and why turbulence is not dangerous.

Follow your luggage's journey from check-in to carousel. Sortation technology, RFID tracking, and why bags sometimes go missing.

Aircraft categories explained. How to identify planes, why airlines choose specific aircraft for routes, and what defines each type.

The invisible highway system in the sky. Airways, waypoints, RNAV navigation, and how flight dispatchers plan optimal routes.

Runway lights (PAPI, VASI), taxiway lights, approach lighting, and the color-coded system that guides pilots at night.

Compare network models. Hub economics, route profitability, and why some airlines connect through hubs while others fly direct.

Aviation fuel supply chain. Jet A-1 specifications, hydrant systems, fuel trucks, and the push toward sustainable aviation fuel.

NATO phonetic alphabet, standard phraseology, readback procedures, and real ATC communication examples decoded.