航空用語集

124 の用語（ 10 カテゴリ）

Airport Infrastructure 13 Airport Codes & Classification 12 Navigation & Airspace 12 Flight Operations 13 Passenger Experience 13 Airline Operations 13 Aircraft Types 12 Aviation Safety 12 Air Traffic Control 12 Travel & Geography 12

Airport Infrastructure (13)

Terminal

The main building at an airport where passengers check in, go through security, and board aircraft. Large airports may have multiple terminals connected by shuttle trains or walkways.

Runway

A defined rectangular area on an airport prepared for the takeoff and landing of aircraft. Runways are numbered based on their magnetic heading, divided by 10.

Taxiway

A defined path at an airport for aircraft to taxi between runways, terminals, and parking areas. Taxiways are identified by letters and lit with blue edge lights.

Apron

The paved area at an airport where aircraft are parked, loaded, unloaded, refueled, and boarded. Also called the ramp, it connects to taxiways and terminal gates.

Gate

A designated area in an airport terminal where passengers board or disembark an aircraft. Gates are numbered and typically feature a jetbridge for direct aircraft access.

Hangar

A large enclosed building used to store, maintain, and repair aircraft. Hangars protect aircraft from weather and provide workspace for mechanics.

Control Tower

A tall building at an airport from which air traffic controllers direct aircraft movements on the ground and in the surrounding airspace. Provides visual oversight of runways and taxiways.

FBO (Fixed-Base Operator)

A private company that provides aviation services such as fueling, parking, maintenance, and passenger handling at an airport, typically serving private and business aviation.

An enclosed, movable walkway that connects an airport terminal gate to an aircraft door, allowing passengers to board and disembark without going outside. Also called a jet bridge or passenger boarding bridge.

Tarmac

A colloquial term for the paved surfaces of an airport, including runways, taxiways, and aprons. Originally referred to tarmacadam paving material.

Concourse

A section of an airport terminal containing gates and passenger amenities. Large airports have multiple concourses, often designated by letters (A, B, C).

Threshold

The beginning of the portion of a runway available for landing. Marked with white stripes, it indicates the point where aircraft should touch down.

Touchdown Zone

The first 3,000 feet of a runway, measured from the threshold, which is the target area for aircraft to make initial contact during landing.

Airport Codes & Classification (12)

IATA Code

A three-letter alphanumeric code assigned by the International Air Transport Association to identify airports worldwide. Used on boarding passes, luggage tags, and flight bookings (e.g., JFK, LAX, ICN).

ICAO Code

A four-letter code assigned by the International Civil Aviation Organization to identify airports, used primarily in flight plans and air traffic control (e.g., KJFK, KLAX, RKSI).

FAA LID

A location identifier assigned by the Federal Aviation Administration to airports in the United States. Often identical to the IATA code but can differ for smaller airports.

Large Airport

An airport classification for facilities that handle significant commercial air traffic, typically with multiple runways, terminals, and international service. Examples include JFK, Heathrow, and Incheon.

Medium Airport

An airport classification for facilities that handle moderate commercial traffic, usually with at least one paved runway and regular scheduled service.

Small Airport

An airport classification for facilities with limited commercial service or primarily serving general aviation. May have unpaved runways and minimal terminal facilities.

Heliport

A small airport designed exclusively for helicopter operations. Heliports feature a landing pad (helipad) and may be located on building rooftops, hospital grounds, or offshore platforms.

Seaplane Base

A designated water area used for the takeoff and landing of seaplanes and amphibious aircraft. Common in coastal regions, island nations, and areas with limited road access.

International Airport

An airport with customs and immigration facilities that is designated to handle international flights crossing national borders. Must meet specific infrastructure and security requirements.

Domestic Airport

An airport that handles only flights within a single country's borders. Does not have customs or immigration facilities for international arrivals.

Airport Identifier

A unique code used to identify an airport, which may be an IATA code, ICAO code, FAA LID, or local identifier depending on the context and region.

General Aviation

All civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non-scheduled air transport for hire. Includes private flying, flight training, aerial work, and business aviation.

Flight Operations (13)

Takeoff

The phase of flight in which an aircraft accelerates down the runway and becomes airborne. The takeoff roll distance varies based on aircraft weight, wind, temperature, and runway conditions.

Landing

The phase of flight in which an aircraft descends and makes contact with the runway surface. Involves approach, flare, touchdown, and rollout to decelerate to taxi speed.

Taxi

The movement of an aircraft on the ground under its own power, typically between the gate and the runway. Aircraft follow taxiway markings and instructions from ground control.

Pushback

The procedure in which an aircraft is pushed backwards from its parking position at the gate by a specialized tug vehicle, since most aircraft cannot reverse under their own power.

De-icing

The process of removing ice, frost, or snow from an aircraft's surfaces before takeoff. Uses heated glycol-based fluids sprayed from specialized trucks to ensure safe flight.

Ground Stop

A traffic management initiative that requires aircraft destined for a specific airport to remain on the ground at their departure airport. Implemented due to weather, volume, or emergencies.

Go-Around

A procedure in which a pilot aborts a landing approach and climbs back to a safe altitude to attempt another approach. May be initiated by the pilot or instructed by ATC.

Missed Approach

A published procedure followed when a pilot cannot complete an instrument approach to landing, requiring a climb to a specified altitude and navigation to a holding point.

Holding Pattern

A predetermined racetrack-shaped flight path that aircraft fly to wait for clearance to land, typically during periods of high traffic or adverse weather at the destination airport.

Diversion

The rerouting of an aircraft to an airport other than its original destination due to weather, mechanical issues, medical emergencies, or other circumstances.

Block Time

The total time from when an aircraft leaves the gate (blocks off) at departure to when it arrives at the gate (blocks on) at the destination. Includes taxi time, flight time, and delays.

Rotation

The moment during takeoff when the pilot raises the aircraft's nose by pulling back on the control column. Also refers to a complete round trip of an aircraft (departure and return).

Turnaround

The time an aircraft spends at the gate between arriving from one flight and departing for the next. Includes deplaning, cleaning, refueling, catering, and boarding.

Passenger Experience (13)

Check-in

The process of registering for a flight, receiving a boarding pass, and optionally dropping off checked luggage. Can be done at the airport counter, at a kiosk, or online.

Boarding Pass

A document issued during check-in that grants a passenger permission to board the aircraft. Contains flight details, seat assignment, gate number, and boarding group.

Gate Agent

An airline employee stationed at a departure gate responsible for boarding passengers, making announcements, handling upgrades, standby lists, and resolving boarding issues.

Duty-Free

Retail shops located in the international departure area of airports where goods are sold exempt from local taxes and duties. Available only to passengers traveling internationally.

Transit

Passing through an airport to continue a journey on a connecting flight, often without clearing customs or immigration. Transit areas provide shops and lounges for waiting passengers.

Transfer

The process of changing from one flight to another at an intermediate airport. Unlike transit, transfers may require clearing security again or moving between terminals.

Layover

A short stop at an intermediate airport between connecting flights, typically lasting a few hours. Passengers usually stay within the airport terminal during a layover.

Stopover

A longer break in a journey at an intermediate city, typically lasting more than 24 hours. Unlike a layover, passengers may leave the airport to explore the city.

Red-Eye Flight

A flight that departs late at night and arrives early in the morning, named for the tired, red eyes of passengers who have difficulty sleeping on the overnight journey.

Connecting Flight

A flight that requires passengers to change planes at an intermediate airport to reach their final destination. Allows airlines to serve more city pairs through their hub system.

Bag Drop

A counter at the airport where passengers who have already checked in online can drop off their checked luggage. Faster than full check-in as only bag handling is needed.

Customs

Government agency that controls the flow of goods entering a country. At airports, customs officers inspect luggage and may collect duties on items exceeding allowances.

Immigration

The process at international airports where government officials verify passports, visas, and travel documents of arriving passengers before granting entry to the country.

Airline Operations (13)

Codeshare

An agreement between two or more airlines to sell seats on the same flight under their own flight numbers. Allows airlines to offer more destinations without operating additional flights.

Interline Agreement

A commercial agreement between airlines that allows passengers to travel on itineraries involving multiple carriers on a single ticket, with baggage transferred between airlines.

Airline Alliance

A partnership of multiple airlines that coordinate schedules, share frequent flyer programs, and provide seamless connections. The three major alliances are Star Alliance, SkyTeam, and oneworld.

Hub Airport

An airport used by an airline as a central connecting point to transfer passengers between flights. Airlines concentrate flights at hubs to offer more connections with fewer direct routes.

Spoke

A route from a hub airport to a smaller destination in the hub-and-spoke network model. Spoke routes feed passengers into the hub for connecting flights.

Point-to-Point

A route network model where aircraft fly directly between city pairs without using a central hub. Favored by low-cost carriers for operational simplicity and faster turnarounds.

Wet Lease

A leasing arrangement where one airline provides an aircraft along with crew, maintenance, and insurance (ACMI) to another airline. The aircraft operates under the lessor's air operator certificate.

ACMI

Stands for Aircraft, Crew, Maintenance, and Insurance — the four components included in a wet lease agreement. ACMI providers offer turnkey flying solutions to airlines needing extra capacity.

Load Factor

The percentage of available seats on a flight that are filled with passengers. A key airline profitability metric — most airlines need load factors above 75-80% to break even.

Airport Slot

A permission granted to an airline to use a specific runway at a congested airport at a particular date and time. Slots are scarce at busy airports and can be extremely valuable.

Bilateral Air Service Agreement

A treaty between two countries that regulates international air services, specifying which airlines can fly between them, the number of flights, and the routes they may operate.

Low-Cost Carrier (LCC)

An airline that offers low fares by reducing costs through measures like single aircraft types, no-frills service, point-to-point routes, and ancillary revenue from add-on fees.

Dry Lease

A leasing arrangement where an airline leases an aircraft without crew, maintenance, or insurance. The lessee operates the aircraft under its own air operator certificate.

Aircraft Types (12)

Narrow-Body Aircraft

A single-aisle aircraft with a fuselage diameter typically 3-4 meters, seating 100-240 passengers. Used for short to medium-haul flights. Examples: Boeing 737, Airbus A320.

Wide-Body Aircraft

A twin-aisle aircraft with a fuselage diameter of 5-6 meters, seating 200-600 passengers. Used for long-haul international flights. Examples: Boeing 777, Airbus A350.

Regional Jet

A small jet aircraft designed for short-haul routes connecting smaller cities to hub airports. Typically seats 50-100 passengers. Examples: Embraer E-Jets, CRJ series.

Turboprop

An aircraft powered by turbine engines that drive propellers. More fuel-efficient than jets on short routes under 500 miles. Examples: ATR 72, Dash 8.

Freighter Aircraft

An aircraft designed or converted specifically for carrying cargo instead of passengers. Features a large cargo door and reinforced floor. Examples: Boeing 747F, 777F.

Business Jet

A small to mid-size jet aircraft designed for private or corporate travel. Offers flexibility in scheduling and access to smaller airports. Examples: Gulfstream, Cessna Citation.

STOL (Short Takeoff and Landing)

Aircraft designed to take off and land in a short distance, allowing operations from short runways or confined spaces. Common in bush flying and island operations.

VTOL (Vertical Takeoff and Landing)

Aircraft capable of taking off and landing vertically without a runway. Includes helicopters and emerging electric air taxis (eVTOL) being developed for urban air mobility.

Wingspan Category (ADG)

The FAA's Airplane Design Group classification based on wingspan and tail height, ranging from Group I (small, <49 ft) to Group VI (largest, >214 ft). Determines required taxiway and gate widths.

Urban Air Mobility (UAM)

An emerging transportation concept using electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft for short urban flights. Aims to reduce ground traffic congestion in cities.

Charter Flight

A flight operated outside of regular airline schedules, hired for a specific trip by an individual, company, or group. Offers flexible scheduling and routing.

Helicopter

A rotary-wing aircraft that uses spinning rotor blades for lift and thrust, allowing it to take off, land, and hover vertically. Used for transport, emergency medical services, and aerial work.

Aviation Safety (12)

TCAS (Traffic Collision Avoidance System)

An aircraft system that monitors nearby aircraft transponder signals and provides resolution advisories (climb/descend) to prevent mid-air collisions, independent of air traffic control.

GPWS/EGPWS (Ground Proximity Warning System)

An aircraft system that alerts pilots when they are in danger of flying into terrain. The enhanced version (EGPWS) uses a terrain database to provide earlier, more accurate warnings.

Black Box (FDR/CVR)

Flight recorders consisting of the Flight Data Recorder (FDR) and Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR). Despite the name, they are bright orange and designed to survive crashes for accident investigation.

ARFF (Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting)

Specialized firefighting services at airports designed to respond to aircraft emergencies. ARFF units use specialized vehicles with foam and dry chemical agents to combat aviation fuel fires.

Runway Incursion

Any unauthorized presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on a runway or its protected area. A serious safety concern that can lead to collisions.

Bird Strike

A collision between an aircraft and a bird, which can cause significant damage to engines, windshields, or airframes. Airports employ wildlife management programs to reduce bird strike risks.

Wind Shear

A sudden change in wind speed or direction over a short distance, particularly dangerous during takeoff and landing. Can cause rapid changes in airspeed and lift.

Microburst

A localized column of sinking air that produces a powerful downward wind and horizontal outburst at the ground. Extremely dangerous for aircraft during takeoff and landing approaches.

Wake Turbulence

Turbulent air generated by the wingtip vortices of a flying aircraft. Larger aircraft produce stronger wake turbulence, requiring following aircraft to maintain separation distance.

Safety Management System (SMS)

A systematic approach to managing safety in aviation operations, including organizational structures, policies, and procedures for identifying hazards and managing risks.

Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

A radio beacon installed in aircraft that automatically activates upon impact to transmit a distress signal on 406 MHz, helping search and rescue teams locate crash sites.

Cabin Pressurization

The process of pumping conditioned air into an aircraft cabin to maintain a safe and comfortable air pressure for passengers and crew at high cruising altitudes.

Air Traffic Control (12)

ATC Clearance

Authorization from air traffic control for an aircraft to proceed under specified conditions, including route, altitude, and speed. Pilots must receive clearance before taxiing, taking off, or landing.

Squawk Code

A four-digit code assigned by ATC and entered into an aircraft's transponder for identification on radar. Special codes include 7500 (hijack), 7600 (radio failure), and 7700 (emergency).

Transponder

An electronic device on an aircraft that receives radar signals and automatically transmits a response with identification and altitude information back to air traffic control.

Radar Vectoring

The process of providing navigational guidance to aircraft by ATC through specific headings (vectors) based on radar observation. Used to sequence arriving aircraft and maintain separation.

Separation Standards

Minimum distances or time intervals required between aircraft to ensure safety. Vertical separation is typically 1,000 feet; horizontal separation varies by radar coverage and airspace type.

Ground Control

The ATC position responsible for directing aircraft movement on taxiways and non-active runways at an airport. Coordinates with tower control for runway crossings.

Approach Control (TRACON)

The ATC facility that handles aircraft transitioning between en-route flight and the airport environment, typically within 30-50 nautical miles. Also known as Terminal Radar Approach Control.

Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC/ACC)

The ATC facility responsible for controlling aircraft in en-route airspace between departure and destination areas. Manages high-altitude traffic across large geographic sectors.

ATIS (Automatic Terminal Information Service)

A continuous broadcast of recorded non-control airport information including weather, active runways, and NOTAMs. Updated hourly and identified by a phonetic alphabet letter.

Flight Information Service (FIS)

An ATC service that provides information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights, including weather reports, NOTAM information, and traffic advisories.

METAR

A standardized format for reporting current weather conditions at an airport, including wind, visibility, clouds, temperature, and pressure. Updated every 30-60 minutes.

TAF (Terminal Aerodrome Forecast)

A weather forecast specific to an airport area, covering expected conditions for a 24-30 hour period. Includes predicted wind, visibility, clouds, and significant weather changes.