航空用語集

255

255 の用語（ 12 カテゴリ）

空港インフラ 25 空港コードと分類 18 航法と空域 22 飛行運航 22 旅客体験 22 航空会社運営 20 航空機と工学 24 航空気象 18 安全と規制 22 航空交通管制 20 旅行計画 22 航空地理 20

空港インフラ (25)

飛行場灯火 (AGL: Airfield Lighting)

The system of lights on runways, taxiways, and aprons that guide aircraft during low visibility

空港消防署 (ARFF: Airport Fire Station)

Airport Rescue and Firefighting facility providing emergency response for aircraft incidents

エプロン (Apron)

The area of an airport where aircraft are parked, loaded, fueled, and boarded

手荷物処理システム (BHS: Baggage Handling System)

The network of conveyors and sorting equipment that moves luggage within an airport

ジェットブラストフェンス (Blast Fence)

A barrier designed to redirect jet engine exhaust away from people and structures on the apron

貨物ターミナル (Cargo Terminal)

A specialized airport facility for handling freight and mail shipments

コンコース (Concourse)

A section of a terminal containing gates for aircraft boarding and deplaning

管制塔 (TWR: Control Tower)

The facility at an airport from which air traffic controllers direct aircraft movements

除氷エリア (De-Icing Pad)

A designated area where aircraft are treated with de-icing fluid before takeoff in cold weather

移設しきい値 (Displaced Threshold)

A threshold not located at the beginning of the full-strength runway surface

固定基地運航事業者 (FBO: Fixed-Base Operator)

A commercial business granted the right to operate at an airport providing aeronautical services

燃料貯蔵施設 (Fuel Farm)

An airport facility that stores and distributes aviation fuel to aircraft

搭乗ゲート (Gate)

A designated area at an airport where passengers board and deplane aircraft

ハンガー (Hangar)

An enclosed building structure to hold aircraft for maintenance or storage

待機ベイ (Holding Bay)

A designated area near the runway where aircraft wait before receiving takeoff clearance

ILSローカライザーアンテナ (LOC: ILS Localizer Antenna)

A ground-based radio transmitter providing horizontal guidance for precision approaches

ボーディングブリッジ (Jet Bridge)

An enclosed, movable connector between an airport terminal gate and an aircraft door

PAPI (PAPI)

Precision Approach Path Indicator — a visual aid providing glidepath guidance during approach

滑走路 (RWY: Runway)

A defined rectangular surface on an airport prepared for aircraft takeoff and landing

滑走路端安全区域 (RESA: Runway End Safety Area)

An area beyond the runway end intended to reduce risk of damage to aircraft undershooting or overrunning

滑走路しきい値 (Runway Threshold)

The beginning of the usable portion of a runway for landing

停止帯 (SWY: Stopway)

An area beyond the takeoff runway designated for decelerating an aircraft during an aborted takeoff

誘導路 (TWY: Taxiway)

A defined path on an airport for aircraft to travel between runways and aprons

ターミナル (Terminal)

A building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground and air transportation

吹き流し (Windsock)

A conical textile tube mounted on an airport that indicates wind direction and approximate speed

空港コードと分類 (18)

空港カテゴリ (Airport Category)

The classification system used to categorize airports by size, traffic, and facilities

空港標高 (ELEV: Airport Elevation)

The highest point of an airport's usable landing area measured above mean sea level

空港基準点 (ARP: Airport Reference Point)

The designated geographical center of an airport used for identification and coordination

FAA位置識別子 (FAA LID: FAA Location Identifier)

A 3-4 character identifier used by the FAA for airports and navigation aids in the US

フォーカスシティ (Focus City)

An airport where an airline operates significant point-to-point service without full hub operations

一般航空空港 (GA: General Aviation Airport)

An airport primarily serving non-scheduled and private aircraft operations

ヘリポート (Heliport)

An area of land or a structure used for helicopter takeoff, landing, and parking

ハブ空港 (Hub Airport)

An airport that serves as a transfer point for connecting flights, typically for one or more airlines

IATAコード (IATA: IATA Code)

A three-letter code assigned by IATA to identify airports worldwide

ICAOコード (ICAO: ICAO Code)

A four-character alphanumeric code assigned by ICAO for airports and airfields

国際空港 (International Airport)

An airport with customs and immigration facilities that handles international flights

大規模空港 (Large Airport)

An airport with substantial scheduled airline operations and high passenger volume

中規模空港 (Medium Airport)

An airport with moderate levels of commercial and general aviation activity

補完空港 (Reliever Airport)

An airport designated to reduce congestion at a major commercial airport

定期便運航 (Scheduled Service)

Regularly operated commercial flights that run on published timetables

水上機基地 (Seaplane Base)

A facility on water for the takeoff, landing, and servicing of seaplanes and amphibious aircraft

スロット管理空港 (Slot-Controlled Airport)

An airport where takeoff and landing slots are allocated to airlines due to capacity constraints

小規模空港 (Small Airport)

An airport with limited aviation activity, often serving general aviation

飛行運航 (22)

ブロック燃料 (Block Fuel)

The total fuel required for a flight from engine start to engine shutdown

ブロックタイム (Block Time)

The total time from gate departure to gate arrival, including taxiing and airborne time

上昇 (Climb)

The phase of flight where an aircraft gains altitude after takeoff

横風着陸 (Crosswind Landing)

A landing technique used when wind blows perpendicular to the runway direction

巡航 (Cruise)

The phase of flight at a relatively constant altitude and speed between climb and descent

降下 (Descent)

The phase of flight where an aircraft reduces altitude as it approaches the destination

ダイバート (Diversion)

A change in route to land at an airport other than the intended destination

ETOPS (ETOPS)

Extended-range Twin-engine Operations — rules governing how far twin-engine aircraft can fly from airports

フェリーフライト (Ferry Flight)

A non-revenue flight for repositioning an aircraft to another airport

フレア (Flare)

A pitch-up maneuver performed just before touchdown to reduce descent rate

フライトプラン (FPL: Flight Plan)

A document filed with air traffic control detailing the intended route, altitude, and timing of a flight

ゴーアラウンド (Go-Around)

An aborted landing where the aircraft applies full power and climbs away from the runway

大圏航路 (GCR: Great Circle Route)

The shortest path between two points on the Earth's surface, commonly used in long-haul aviation

ホールディングパターン (Holding Pattern)

A racetrack-shaped flight path used to delay an aircraft's approach to an airport

着陸 (Landing)

The final phase of flight where an aircraft descends to the runway surface

ポジショニングフライト (Positioning Flight)

A flight to move crew or aircraft to a location needed for operational purposes

等角航路 (Rhumb Line)

A path crossing all meridians at the same angle, appearing straight on a Mercator projection

ローテーション (Vr: Rotation (Vr))

The speed at which the pilot pulls back on the controls to lift the aircraft's nose during takeoff

離陸 (Takeoff)

The phase of flight in which an aircraft accelerates and becomes airborne

テクニカルストップ (Technical Stop)

An intermediate landing for refueling or maintenance rather than passenger purposes

ターンアラウンドタイム (Turnaround Time)

The time required to unload, service, and reload an aircraft between arrival and departure

離陸時刻 (Wheels-Up Time)

The moment an aircraft lifts off the runway and becomes fully airborne

旅客体験 (22)

空港ラウンジ (Airport Lounge)

A premium waiting area offering comfortable seating, food, drinks, and amenities

自動旅券審査 (APC: Automated Passport Control)

Self-service kiosks that expedite immigration processing for eligible passengers

手荷物受取所 (Baggage Claim)

The area in an airport where arriving passengers collect their checked luggage

搭乗 (Boarding)

The process of passengers entering the aircraft before departure

搭乗券 (Boarding Pass)

A document providing authorization to board an aircraft for a specific flight

機内持込手荷物 (Carry-On Baggage)

Luggage small enough to be stowed in the overhead bin or under the seat

受託手荷物 (Checked Baggage)

Luggage surrendered at check-in to be transported in the aircraft's cargo hold

チェックイン (Check-In)

The process of confirming a passenger's presence and obtaining a boarding pass

税関 (Customs)

Government checkpoints where goods brought into a country are inspected and duties assessed

搭乗拒否 (Denied Boarding)

When a passenger with a confirmed reservation is not allowed to board due to overbooking

免税店ショッピング (Duty-Free Shopping)

Retail outlets in international departure areas exempt from local taxes and duties

グローバルエントリー (Global Entry)

A US Customs program for expedited clearance for pre-approved, low-risk travelers

入国審査 (Immigration)

Border control points where passports and visas are checked for international arrivals

最低乗継時間 (MCT: Minimum Connection Time)

The shortest allowed time between connecting flights at a specific airport

オーバーブッキング (Oversale (Overbooking))

The airline practice of selling more tickets than available seats to account for no-shows

旅客予約記録 (PNR: Passenger Name Record)

A record in the airline reservation system containing passenger itinerary and contact information

事前入国審査 (Pre-Clearance)

US customs and immigration processing completed at a foreign airport before departure

優先搭乗 (Priority Boarding)

Early aircraft boarding privilege given to premium class passengers or loyalty program members

保安検査 (Security Screening)

The process of checking passengers and baggage for prohibited items before entering secure areas

乗り継ぎ (Transfer)

Changing from one flight to another at a connecting airport

トランジット（制限区域） (Transit (Airside))

Remaining in the secure area of an airport between connecting flights without passing through immigration

単独搭乗未成年者 (UM: Unaccompanied Minor)

A child traveling without an adult passenger who receives special airline supervision

航空会社運営 (20)

航空アライアンス (Airline Alliance)

A partnership of airlines that cooperate on routes, frequent flyer programs, and lounge access

有効座席キロ (ASK: Available Seat Kilometer)

The total passenger capacity of an airline measured in seats multiplied by distance flown

チャーター航空会社 (Charter Airline)

An airline that operates flights booked by travel agencies or tour operators rather than scheduled services

コードシェア (Codeshare)

An agreement where two or more airlines share the same flight under different flight numbers

ドライリース (Dry Lease)

An aircraft lease providing only the aircraft, without crew or operational support

フィーダー航空会社 (Feeder Airline)

A regional airline that transports passengers to and from a larger carrier's hub

フラッグキャリア (Flag Carrier)

An airline that is designated to represent and carry the flag of its home country

既得権 (Grandfather Rights)

The principle allowing airlines to retain airport slots based on historical usage

ハブ＆スポークモデル (Hub-and-Spoke Model)

An airline network model routing most flights through a central hub airport

インターライン協定 (Interline Agreement)

An agreement allowing passengers to use a single ticket for journeys involving multiple airlines

搭乗率 (LF: Load Factor)

The percentage of available seats on an aircraft that are filled with passengers

格安航空会社 (LCC: Low-Cost Carrier)

An airline operating with a lower cost structure and offering lower fares than full-service carriers

oneworld

A global airline alliance founded in 1999, members include American Airlines, British Airways, Qantas

ポイント・トゥ・ポイントモデル (Point-to-Point Model)

An airline network model where flights connect cities directly without routing through a hub

有償旅客キロ (RPK: Revenue Passenger Kilometer)

A measure of airline traffic calculated as passengers carried multiplied by distance flown

発着枠（スロット） (Slot (Airport Slot))

A scheduled time allocation for an airline to use airport infrastructure for takeoff or landing

Star Alliance

The world's largest airline alliance founded in 1997, members include United, Lufthansa, ANA

超格安航空会社 (ULCC: Ultra-Low-Cost Carrier)

An airline with the most stripped-down fares, charging separately for nearly all services

ウェットリース (Wet Lease)

An aircraft lease that includes the aircraft, crew, maintenance, and insurance (ACMI)

イールド (Yield)

Average revenue per passenger-kilometer, a key airline profitability metric

航空機と工学 (24)

補助電源ユニット (APU: Auxiliary Power Unit)

A small engine on the aircraft that provides electrical power and air conditioning on the ground

アビオニクス (Avionics)

The electronic systems used in aircraft including navigation, communication, and flight management

エア抜き (Bleed Air)

Compressed air extracted from the jet engine compressor used for cabin pressurization and de-icing

複合材料 (Composite Materials)

Advanced lightweight materials (carbon fiber, fiberglass) used in modern aircraft construction

尾部 (テールセクション) (Empennage (Tail Section))

The tail assembly of an aircraft including horizontal stabilizer, vertical fin, and control surfaces

ETOPS認定 (ETOPS Rating)

The certified maximum time a twin-engine aircraft may fly from a suitable diversion airport

運航管理システム (FMS: Flight Management System)

A computer system that automates navigation, performance optimization, and flight planning

フライバイワイヤー (FBW: Fly-By-Wire)

A system replacing manual flight controls with electronic signals sent to actuators

胴体 (Fuselage)

The main body structure of an aircraft that holds crew, passengers, and cargo

着陸装置 (Landing Gear)

The undercarriage system of wheels, struts, and brakes supporting the aircraft on the ground

マッハ数 (M: Mach Number)

The ratio of the aircraft's speed to the speed of sound in the surrounding atmosphere

最大離陸重量 (MTOW: Maximum Takeoff Weight)

The maximum weight at which the pilot is allowed to attempt takeoff

ナローボディ機 (Narrow-Body Aircraft)

A single-aisle aircraft typically seating 100-240 passengers for short/medium-haul flights

加圧 (Pressurization)

The process of maintaining a safe atmospheric pressure inside the aircraft cabin at high altitudes

航続距離（航空機） (Range (Aircraft))

The maximum distance an aircraft can fly without refueling

リージョナルジェット (RJ: Regional Jet)

A small jet aircraft typically seating 50-100 passengers for short-haul routes

サービス上限 (Service Ceiling)

The maximum altitude at which an aircraft can sustain a specified rate of climb

失速速度 (Vs: Stall Speed)

The minimum speed at which an aircraft can maintain level flight

交通衝突回避システム (TCAS: Traffic Collision Avoidance System)

An airborne system that detects other transponder-equipped aircraft and provides resolution advisories

ターボファンエンジン (Turbofan Engine)

A jet engine that uses a ducted fan to produce thrust, the most common type on commercial aircraft

ターボプロップ (Turboprop)

An aircraft powered by a gas turbine engine driving a propeller, efficient at lower speeds

ターボシャフトエンジン (Turboshaft Engine)

A gas turbine engine optimized to produce shaft power, primarily used in helicopters

ワイドボディ航空機 (Wide-Body Aircraft)

A twin-aisle aircraft typically seating 200-600 passengers for medium/long-haul flights

ウィングレット (Winglet)

A vertical or angled extension at the tip of an aircraft wing that reduces drag

航空気象 (18)

雲底高度 (Ceiling)

The height of the lowest layer of clouds covering more than half the sky

晴天乱気流 (CAT: Clear Air Turbulence)

Turbulence occurring in cloudless areas, often near jet streams, invisible to radar

横風 (Crosswind)

A wind blowing perpendicular to the direction of travel or runway alignment

霧 (Fog)

Visibility-reducing water droplets suspended near the surface, a major cause of airport delays

逆風 (Headwind)

A wind blowing directly opposite to the direction of aircraft travel, reducing ground speed

アイシング (Icing)

The accumulation of ice on aircraft surfaces during flight through supercooled water droplets

ジェットストリーム (Jet Stream)

A narrow band of strong winds (100-200 kt) at high altitudes affecting flight times and routing

METAR (METAR)

Aviation Routine Weather Report — a standardized format for reporting current weather conditions

パイロットレポート (PIREP: Pilot Report)

An in-flight weather report provided by a pilot describing actual conditions encountered

QNH (QNH)

The atmospheric pressure adjusted to mean sea level, used for altimeter setting

SIGMET (SIGMET)

Significant Meteorological Information — a warning of severe weather hazardous to all aircraft

追い風 (Tailwind)

A wind blowing in the same direction as the aircraft's travel, increasing ground speed

飛行場予報 (TAF: Terminal Aerodrome Forecast)

A weather forecast for the area around an airport, typically covering a 24-30 hour period

雷雨（積乱雲） (CB: Thunderstorm (Cumulonimbus))

A convective weather system producing lightning, turbulence, hail, and heavy precipitation

乱気流 (Turbulence)

Irregular atmospheric motion causing sudden changes in an aircraft's altitude or attitude

可視性 (VIS: Visibility)

The greatest distance at which prominent objects can be identified with the unaided eye

火山灰雲 (Volcanic Ash Cloud)

Fine rock particles from volcanic eruptions that can damage jet engines and aircraft systems

ウィンドシアー (Wind Shear)

A sudden change in wind speed or direction over a short distance, hazardous during takeoff and landing

安全と規制 (22)

耐空証明書 (Airworthiness Certificate)

An official document certifying that an aircraft meets safety standards and is fit to fly

バードストライク (Bird Strike)

A collision between an airborne animal and an aircraft, posing risk to engines and windscreens

ブラックボックス (フライトレコーダー) (FDR/CVR: Black Box (Flight Recorder))

The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder that capture flight parameters and audio

CFIT（制御下飛行による地表衝突） (CFIT: Controlled Flight Into Terrain)

An accident where an airworthy aircraft is flown into terrain, water, or an obstacle

乗組員リソース管理 (CRM: Crew Resource Management)

Training methodology that improves teamwork, communication, and decision-making among flight crew

緊急避難 (Emergency Evacuation)

The rapid deployment of passengers from an aircraft via emergency exits and slides

非常口 (Emergency Exit)

A specially designed door or window on an aircraft that can be opened quickly for evacuation

強化された GPWS (EGPWS: Enhanced GPWS)

An advanced terrain awareness system combining GPS data with a terrain database

欧州連合航空安全局 (EASA: European Union Aviation Safety Agency)

The EU agency responsible for civil aviation safety regulation

連邦航空局 (FAA: Federal Aviation Administration)

The US government agency responsible for regulating civil aviation

消火システム (Fire Suppression System)

Aircraft systems designed to detect and extinguish fires in engines, cargo holds, and lavatories

地上接近警報システム (GPWS: Ground Proximity Warning System)

An aircraft system that alerts pilots when the aircraft is in dangerous proximity to terrain

国際航空運送協会 (IATA: International Air Transport Association)

The trade association representing airlines worldwide, managing codes and standards

国際民間航空機関 (ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization)

The UN specialized agency managing international civil aviation standards and regulations

救命胴衣 (Life Vest)

A personal flotation device stored under each aircraft seat for use in water emergencies

MAYDAY

The international distress signal indicating grave and imminent danger requiring immediate assistance

航空情報公示通報 (NOTAM: Notice to Air Missions)

A notice filed with aviation authorities to alert pilots of hazards or changes along a flight route

PAN-PAN

The international urgency signal indicating a condition requiring assistance but not immediate danger

滑走路進入 (Runway Incursion)

Any occurrence involving unauthorized presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on a runway

安全管理体制 (SMS: Safety Management System)

A systematic approach to managing aviation safety including organizational structures and policies

運輸保安局 (TSA: Transportation Security Administration)

The US agency responsible for security of transportation systems, particularly airports

航跡乱気流 (Wake Turbulence)

Air disturbance caused by an aircraft's wingtip vortices, hazardous to following aircraft