航空冷知识
100 关于航空、机场与飞行的趣味知识。
世界纪录 (25)
Record-breaking achievements in aviation — busiest airports, longest flights, and more.
按旅客量计最繁忙机场
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport handled 93.7 million passengers in 2023, making it the busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic.
按国际旅客量计最繁忙机场
Dubai International Airport served over 87 million passengers in 2023, nearly all of them international travelers.
按航班起降架次计最繁忙机场
Chicago O'Hare International Airport recorded over 903,000 aircraft movements in 2023, the highest in the world.
按面积计最大机场
King Fahd International Airport in Dammam, Saudi Arabia spans 780 square kilometers, larger than the entire country of Bahrain.
最长商用跑道
Qamdo Bamda Airport in Tibet has the world's longest commercial runway at 5,500 meters to compensate for its extreme altitude.
最短商用跑道
Juancho E. Yrausquin Airport on the island of Saba in the Caribbean has the world's shortest commercial runway at just 400 meters.
海拔最高的商用机场
Daocheng Yading Airport in Sichuan, China sits at 4,411 meters above sea level, making it the world's highest commercial airport.
海拔最低的机场
Bar Yehuda Airstrip near the Dead Sea sits 389 meters below sea level, making it the lowest airport on Earth.
最长商用直飞航班
Singapore Airlines operates the world's longest nonstop flight from Singapore to New York JFK, covering 15,349 kilometers in about 18 hours and 50 minutes.
最短定期航班
The flight between Westray and Papa Westray in Scotland's Orkney Islands covers just 2.7 kilometers and takes about 57 seconds.
单个机场跑道数量最多
Chicago O'Hare International Airport has 8 runways, the most of any commercial airport in the world.
持续运营历史最久的机场
College Park Airport in Maryland has been in continuous operation since 1909, making it the world's oldest airport.
通达目的地最多的机场
Istanbul Airport serves over 340 destinations, connecting more cities nonstop than any other airport.
通达目的地最多的航空公司
Turkish Airlines flies to over 340 destinations in more than 130 countries, reaching more places than any other carrier.
史上建造过的最大飞机
The Antonov An-225 Mriya had a maximum takeoff weight of 640 tonnes and an 88-meter wingspan, making it the largest aircraft ever built.
最快商用飞机
The Concorde cruised at Mach 2.04, or about 2,180 km/h, crossing the Atlantic in under 3.5 hours.
利润最高的航空航线
The Sydney to Melbourne corridor generates roughly 1 billion USD in annual revenue, making it one of the most profitable airline routes globally.
机队规模最大的航空公司
American Airlines operates a fleet of over 950 aircraft, the largest of any airline in the world.
机场数量最多的国家
The United States has over 19,700 airports, more than any other country by a wide margin.
仍在运营的最古老航空公司
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, founded in 1919, is the oldest airline still operating under its original name.
单跑道最繁忙机场
London Gatwick Airport handles up to 55 aircraft movements per hour on its single runway, the busiest single-runway operation in the world.
按收入计最大航空公司
Delta Air Lines generated over 58 billion USD in revenue in 2023, making it the largest airline by total revenue.
单架飞机承载旅客数最多纪录
A Boeing 747 carried 1,088 people during an emergency evacuation flight from Ethiopia to Israel in 1991.
行业最高客座率
The global airline industry achieved an average passenger load factor of 87.1% in 2023, the highest ever recorded.
最长商用飞机
The Boeing 777-9 measures 76.7 meters in length, making it the longest commercial aircraft ever produced.
航空地理 (20)
Fascinating geographic extremes and curiosities from the world of airports and flight.
位于地球两端的机场
Madrid Barajas and Auckland are nearly perfectly antipodal, sitting on almost exactly opposite points of the globe about 19,590 km apart.
最接近赤道的机场
Mariscal Sucre Airport in Quito sits just 22 km south of the equator, making it one of the closest major airports to the 0-degree latitude line.
有定期航班的最北机场
Svalbard Airport Longyearbyen at 78.25 degrees north is the northernmost airport in the world with scheduled airline service.
有定期航班的最南机场
Ushuaia Malvinas Argentinas International Airport at 54.8 degrees south is the southernmost airport with regular commercial service.
最接近日界线的机场
Fiji's Nadi International Airport and Samoa's Faleolo Airport are separated by the International Date Line, meaning flights between them can arrive before they depart by calendar date.
建在海平面以下的机场
Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam sits 3.4 meters below sea level, protected by an extensive system of dikes, pumps, and drainage canals.
最偏远的机场
Mataveri International Airport on Easter Island is 3,759 km from the nearest populated landmass, making it the most remote airport with scheduled service.
跨越两国的机场
EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg straddles the French-Swiss border and is jointly operated by both countries under a unique binational agreement.
距离市中心最近的机场
London City Airport is just 9.5 km from the City of London financial district, the closest major airport to a global financial center.
机场数量最多的城市
London is served by six major airports (Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, City, and Southend), more than any other metropolitan area.
建在人工岛上的机场
Kansai International Airport was built on a 4 km by 1 km artificial island in Osaka Bay, constructed over three years using 180 million cubic meters of fill.
拥有海滩跑道的机场
Barra Airport in Scotland's Outer Hebrides is the only airport in the world where scheduled flights use a beach as the runway.
跑道被公路穿过的机场
Gibraltar International Airport's runway is intersected by Winston Churchill Avenue, the main road connecting Gibraltar to Spain.
最频繁的国内航线
The Jeju to Seoul Gimpo route in South Korea sees over 180 daily flights, making it one of the most frequent air services in the world.
不跨洋的最长航班
The flight from Lisbon to Singapore covers over 11,000 km entirely over land, the longest possible route without crossing a major ocean.
官方服务于两国城市的机场
Geneva Airport has a French sector accessible directly from France, allowing French residents to use the airport without entering Swiss territory.
航站楼数量最多的机场
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport has five terminals (A through E) connected by an automated people mover spanning 7,300 hectares.
侧风最极端的机场
Wellington Airport in New Zealand is notorious for extreme crosswinds gusting over 120 km/h due to the Cook Strait funnel effect.
跑道之间有高尔夫球场的机场
Don Mueang International Airport in Bangkok has an 18-hole golf course situated between its two parallel runways.
拥有冰面跑道的机场
Several Antarctic research stations use runways carved directly into sea ice or glacial ice, with some supporting aircraft as large as the C-17 Globemaster.
航空里程碑 (20)
Key moments that shaped the history of commercial and civil aviation.
首次动力飞行
Orville Wright made the first sustained powered flight on December 17, 1903, covering 37 meters in 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
首次定期航空服务
The St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line began the world's first scheduled airline service on January 1, 1914, flying across Tampa Bay.
首次不经停横跨大西洋飞行
John Alcock and Arthur Brown completed the first nonstop transatlantic flight on June 15, 1919, flying from Newfoundland to Ireland in 16 hours.
首次商用喷气客机服务
The de Havilland Comet entered service on May 2, 1952, becoming the first jet-powered airliner to carry paying passengers.
首款宽体客机
The Boeing 747 made its first commercial flight on January 22, 1970, ushering in the era of wide-body aircraft and mass air travel.
首次超音速客运服务
The Concorde began scheduled supersonic passenger service on January 21, 1976, simultaneously from London and Paris.
首款电传操纵客机
The Airbus A320 entered service in 1988 as the first commercial airliner with a digital fly-by-wire flight control system.
美国航空业放松管制
The US Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 removed government control over fares, routes, and market entry, transforming the global airline industry.
首个开放天空协定
The United States and the Netherlands signed the first Open Skies agreement in 1992, liberalizing international air transport.
首次基于 GPS 的着陆进近
The FAA approved the first GPS-based instrument approach procedure in 1993, beginning the satellite navigation revolution in aviation.
空客 A380 投入运营
The Airbus A380, the world's largest passenger aircraft with a capacity of up to 853 passengers, entered commercial service in October 2007.
首次商用生物燃料航班
KLM operated the first commercial flight using biofuel on June 29, 2011, from Amsterdam to Paris using a 50% cooking oil blend.
首次全自动旅客航班着陆
A BEA Trident performed the first automatic landing in revenue passenger service on June 10, 1965, at London Heathrow in dense fog.
首个全球航空联盟
Star Alliance was founded on May 14, 1997 by five airlines, becoming the world's first global airline alliance with coordinated schedules and shared benefits.
首次全电动商用飞机飞行
Harbour Air completed the first all-electric commercial aircraft flight on December 10, 2019, using a converted DHC-2 de Havilland Beaver.
首座机场塔台
Cleveland Municipal Airport established the first airport traffic control tower in 1930, staffed by controllers using flags and flares to direct aircraft.
首个登机廊桥安装
The first passenger jet bridge was installed at San Francisco International Airport in 1959, eliminating the need to walk across the tarmac.
首家机场免税店
Shannon Airport in Ireland opened the world's first duty-free shop in 1947, creating a retail concept now worth billions globally.
首条机场自动人行道
Love Field Airport in Dallas installed the first moving walkway in an airport terminal in 1958, setting a standard now found in airports worldwide.
双发客机海上 ETOPS 首次认证
In 1985, the FAA granted the first ETOPS (Extended Twin-Engine Operations) certification, allowing twin-engine aircraft to fly oceanic routes previously restricted to three- and four-engine planes.
行业统计 (20)
Numbers that define the scale and scope of global aviation.
全球年度航空旅客数
Airlines worldwide carried approximately 4.7 billion passengers in 2024, surpassing the pre-pandemic record.
全球每日商用航班数
On an average day, approximately 115,000 commercial flights take to the skies worldwide, carrying millions of passengers and cargo.
在役商用飞机数量
About 28,000 commercial aircraft are currently in active service worldwide, with narrow-body jets making up about two-thirds of the fleet.
航空业在全球 CO2 排放中的占比
Commercial aviation accounts for approximately 2.5% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion.
全球平均客座率
The global average passenger load factor reached approximately 83% in a typical recent year, meaning about 5 out of 6 seats are filled.
航空业支撑的就业岗位
The global aviation industry directly employs about 3.6 million people, with an additional 83 million jobs supported through the broader economic chain.
全球航空业收入
The global airline industry generated approximately 964 billion USD in revenue in 2024.
全球机场总数
There are approximately 41,000 airports worldwide, though fewer than 4,000 have scheduled commercial airline service.
全球航空货运量
Airlines transported approximately 62 million tonnes of cargo and mail by air in 2024, representing about 35% of global trade by value.
商用喷气机平均速度
Most commercial jet aircraft cruise at speeds between 800 and 900 km/h, or roughly Mach 0.78 to 0.85.
全球航空燃油消耗量
The global aviation industry consumes approximately 350 billion liters of jet fuel annually, about 7% of all refined petroleum products.
低成本航司市场份额
Low-cost carriers now account for approximately 33% of global airline seats, up from under 10% in 2001.
商用航空安全率
The fatal accident rate for commercial aviation has fallen to roughly 0.03 per million flights, making flying statistically the safest form of mass transportation.
年度新飞机交付量
Boeing and Airbus together deliver roughly 1,200 to 1,500 new commercial aircraft per year, worth over 100 billion USD.
商用飞机平均机龄
The average age of the global commercial aircraft fleet is approximately 12.5 years, with many aircraft flying well past 20 years.
客舱乘务员最低配备要求
Regulations require a minimum of one flight attendant per 50 passenger seats, primarily for safety rather than service reasons.
按座位运力计最繁忙航线
The Jeju to Seoul Gimpo route offers over 16 million seats annually, making it the busiest air route in the world by seat capacity.
航司辅助收入
Airlines generated over 118 billion USD in ancillary revenue in 2023, from baggage fees, seat upgrades, and other extras.
实际机票价格下降
Average airfares have declined by roughly 50% in real terms since 1990, making flying more accessible to a broader population.
商用航空女性飞行员
Women represent only about 5.8% of commercial airline pilots worldwide, though the percentage has been steadily increasing in recent years.
冷知识 (15)
Unexpected and little-known facts about flying, airports, and aircraft.
为什么机长坐在左侧
The captain always sits in the left seat of the cockpit, a convention dating back to early propeller aircraft where left-seat positioning helped manage engine torque during takeoff.
为什么着陆时客舱灯会调暗
Airlines dim cabin lights during nighttime takeoff and landing so passengers' eyes are pre-adjusted to darkness in case of an emergency evacuation.
为什么高空中食物味道会变化
At cruising altitude, passengers lose approximately 30% of their ability to taste sweet and salty flavors due to low humidity and cabin pressure.
凝结尾迹作为天气指标
Short-lived contrails indicate dry upper air and fair weather, while persistent contrails that spread into cirrus clouds suggest approaching moisture and potential storms.
氧气面罩可提供 12-22 分钟供氧
The emergency oxygen masks in a passenger aircraft provide only 12 to 22 minutes of breathable air, which is enough time for pilots to descend to safe altitude.
黑匣子其实是橙色的
Flight recorders, commonly called black boxes, are actually painted bright orange to make them easier to locate in wreckage.
翼梢小翼可节省 4-5% 燃油
The upturned tips on modern aircraft wings, called winglets, reduce drag and save approximately 4-5% in fuel consumption.
飞机轮胎可承受极端压力
Aircraft tires are inflated to about 200 psi, roughly six times the pressure of a car tire, to withstand landing impacts at over 250 km/h.
客舱空气每 2-3 分钟更换一次
The air in an aircraft cabin is completely replaced every 2 to 3 minutes, with about 50% coming from outside and 50% recirculated through HEPA filters.
机组飞行员通常吃不同餐食
The captain and first officer are required to eat different in-flight meals to minimize the risk of both pilots suffering food poisoning simultaneously.
许多航司会跳过第 13 排
Many airlines including Lufthansa, Air France, and Ryanair skip row 13 on their aircraft due to the superstition that the number is unlucky.
飞机会经常遭遇雷击
Commercial aircraft are struck by lightning approximately once every 1,000 to 2,000 flight hours, yet lightning has not caused a crash since 1967.
飞行中机舱门无法打开
It is physically impossible to open an aircraft door in flight because cabin pressure creates over 6 tonnes of force holding each door shut.
调机：飞行员以乘客身份搭乘
Airlines routinely fly pilots and crew as passengers, called deadheading, to position them at airports where they are needed for upcoming flights.
机上最脏的表面是小桌板
Studies have found that airplane tray tables harbor an average of 2,155 colony-forming units of bacteria per square inch, more than lavatory flush buttons.