Luftfahrt-Glossar
255255 Begriffe in 12 Kategorien
Flughafeninfrastruktur (25)
Flugplatzbeleuchtung (AGL: Airfield Lighting)
The system of lights on runways, taxiways, and aprons that guide aircraft during low visibility
Flughafenfeuerwache (ARFF: Airport Fire Station)
Airport Rescue and Firefighting facility providing emergency response for aircraft incidents
Schürze (Apron)
The area of an airport where aircraft are parked, loaded, fueled, and boarded
Gepäckabfertigungssystem (BHS: Baggage Handling System)
The network of conveyors and sorting equipment that moves luggage within an airport
Sprengzaun (Blast Fence)
A barrier designed to redirect jet engine exhaust away from people and structures on the apron
Frachtterminal (Cargo Terminal)
A specialized airport facility for handling freight and mail shipments
Abflughalle (Concourse)
A section of a terminal containing gates for aircraft boarding and deplaning
Kontrollturm (TWR: Control Tower)
The facility at an airport from which air traffic controllers direct aircraft movements
Enteisungspad (De-Icing Pad)
A designated area where aircraft are treated with de-icing fluid before takeoff in cold weather
Verschobene Schwelle (Displaced Threshold)
A threshold not located at the beginning of the full-strength runway surface
Festnetzbetreiber (FBO: Fixed-Base Operator)
A commercial business granted the right to operate at an airport providing aeronautical services
Treibstofffarm (Fuel Farm)
An airport facility that stores and distributes aviation fuel to aircraft
Tor (Gate)
A designated area at an airport where passengers board and deplane aircraft
Flugzeughangar (Hangar)
An enclosed building structure to hold aircraft for maintenance or storage
Haltebucht (Holding Bay)
A designated area near the runway where aircraft wait before receiving takeoff clearance
ILS-Lokalisierungsantenne (LOC: ILS Localizer Antenna)
A ground-based radio transmitter providing horizontal guidance for precision approaches
Jet-Brücke (Jet Bridge)
An enclosed, movable connector between an airport terminal gate and an aircraft door
PAPI (PAPI)
Precision Approach Path Indicator — a visual aid providing glidepath guidance during approach
Landebahn (RWY: Runway)
A defined rectangular surface on an airport prepared for aircraft takeoff and landing
Sicherheitsbereich am Ende der Landebahn (RESA: Runway End Safety Area)
An area beyond the runway end intended to reduce risk of damage to aircraft undershooting or overrunning
Landebahnschwelle (Runway Threshold)
The beginning of the usable portion of a runway for landing
Haltestelle (SWY: Stopway)
An area beyond the takeoff runway designated for decelerating an aircraft during an aborted takeoff
Rollweg (TWY: Taxiway)
A defined path on an airport for aircraft to travel between runways and aprons
Flughafenterminal (Terminal)
A building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground and air transportation
Windsack (Windsock)
A conical textile tube mounted on an airport that indicates wind direction and approximate speed
Flughafencodes und -klassifizierung (18)
Flughafenkategorie (Airport Category)
The classification system used to categorize airports by size, traffic, and facilities
Flughafenhöhe (ELEV: Airport Elevation)
The highest point of an airport's usable landing area measured above mean sea level
Flughafen-Referenzpunkt (ARP: Airport Reference Point)
The designated geographical center of an airport used for identification and coordination
FAA-Standortkennung (FAA LID: FAA Location Identifier)
A 3-4 character identifier used by the FAA for airports and navigation aids in the US
Fokusstadt (Focus City)
An airport where an airline operates significant point-to-point service without full hub operations
Flughafen der Allgemeinen Luftfahrt (GA: General Aviation Airport)
An airport primarily serving non-scheduled and private aircraft operations
Hubschrauberlandeplatz (Heliport)
An area of land or a structure used for helicopter takeoff, landing, and parking
Hub-Flughafen (Hub Airport)
An airport that serves as a transfer point for connecting flights, typically for one or more airlines
IATA-Code (IATA: IATA Code)
A three-letter code assigned by IATA to identify airports worldwide
ICAO-Code (ICAO: ICAO Code)
A four-character alphanumeric code assigned by ICAO for airports and airfields
Internationaler Flughafen (International Airport)
An airport with customs and immigration facilities that handles international flights
Großer Flughafen (Large Airport)
An airport with substantial scheduled airline operations and high passenger volume
Mittlerer Flughafen (Medium Airport)
An airport with moderate levels of commercial and general aviation activity
Hilfsflughafen (Reliever Airport)
An airport designated to reduce congestion at a major commercial airport
Geplanter Service (Scheduled Service)
Regularly operated commercial flights that run on published timetables
Wasserflugzeugbasis (Seaplane Base)
A facility on water for the takeoff, landing, and servicing of seaplanes and amphibious aircraft
Slot-kontrollierter Flughafen (Slot-Controlled Airport)
An airport where takeoff and landing slots are allocated to airlines due to capacity constraints
Kleiner Flughafen (Small Airport)
An airport with limited aviation activity, often serving general aviation
Flugbetrieb (22)
Kraftstoff blockieren (Block Fuel)
The total fuel required for a flight from engine start to engine shutdown
Blockzeit (Block Time)
The total time from gate departure to gate arrival, including taxiing and airborne time
Steigflug (Climb)
The phase of flight where an aircraft gains altitude after takeoff
Seitenwindlandung (Crosswind Landing)
A landing technique used when wind blows perpendicular to the runway direction
Reiseflug (Cruise)
The phase of flight at a relatively constant altitude and speed between climb and descent
Sinkflug (Descent)
The phase of flight where an aircraft reduces altitude as it approaches the destination
Ausweichlandung (Diversion)
A change in route to land at an airport other than the intended destination
ETOPS (ETOPS)
Extended-range Twin-engine Operations — rules governing how far twin-engine aircraft can fly from airports
Fährflug (Ferry Flight)
A non-revenue flight for repositioning an aircraft to another airport
Abfangen (Flare)
A pitch-up maneuver performed just before touchdown to reduce descent rate
Flugplan (FPL: Flight Plan)
A document filed with air traffic control detailing the intended route, altitude, and timing of a flight
Durchstarten (Go-Around)
An aborted landing where the aircraft applies full power and climbs away from the runway
Große Kreisroute (GCR: Great Circle Route)
The shortest path between two points on the Earth's surface, commonly used in long-haul aviation
Warteschleife (Holding Pattern)
A racetrack-shaped flight path used to delay an aircraft's approach to an airport
Landung (Landing)
The final phase of flight where an aircraft descends to the runway surface
Positionierungsflug (Positioning Flight)
A flight to move crew or aircraft to a location needed for operational purposes
Loxodrome (Rhumb Line)
A path crossing all meridians at the same angle, appearing straight on a Mercator projection
Drehung (Vr) (Vr: Rotation (Vr))
The speed at which the pilot pulls back on the controls to lift the aircraft's nose during takeoff
Start (Takeoff)
The phase of flight in which an aircraft accelerates and becomes airborne
Technischer Stopp (Technical Stop)
An intermediate landing for refueling or maintenance rather than passenger purposes
Bearbeitungszeit (Turnaround Time)
The time required to unload, service, and reload an aircraft between arrival and departure
Zeit zum Hochfahren der Räder (Wheels-Up Time)
The moment an aircraft lifts off the runway and becomes fully airborne
Passagiererlebnis (22)
Flughafenlounge (Airport Lounge)
A premium waiting area offering comfortable seating, food, drinks, and amenities
Automatisierte Passkontrolle (APC: Automated Passport Control)
Self-service kiosks that expedite immigration processing for eligible passengers
Gepäckausgabe (Baggage Claim)
The area in an airport where arriving passengers collect their checked luggage
Einsteigen (Boarding)
The process of passengers entering the aircraft before departure
Bordkarte (Boarding Pass)
A document providing authorization to board an aircraft for a specific flight
Handgepäck (Carry-On Baggage)
Luggage small enough to be stowed in the overhead bin or under the seat
Aufgegebenes Gepäck (Checked Baggage)
Luggage surrendered at check-in to be transported in the aircraft's cargo hold
Einchecken (Check-In)
The process of confirming a passenger's presence and obtaining a boarding pass
Zoll (Customs)
Government checkpoints where goods brought into a country are inspected and duties assessed
Beförderung verweigert (Denied Boarding)
When a passenger with a confirmed reservation is not allowed to board due to overbooking
Duty-Free-Shopping (Duty-Free Shopping)
Retail outlets in international departure areas exempt from local taxes and duties
Globaler Eintrag (Global Entry)
A US Customs program for expedited clearance for pre-approved, low-risk travelers
Einwanderung (Immigration)
Border control points where passports and visas are checked for international arrivals
Mindestverbindungszeit (MCT: Minimum Connection Time)
The shortest allowed time between connecting flights at a specific airport
Überverkauf (Überbuchung) (Oversale (Overbooking))
The airline practice of selling more tickets than available seats to account for no-shows
Passagierdatensatz (PNR: Passenger Name Record)
A record in the airline reservation system containing passenger itinerary and contact information
Vorabfreigabe (Pre-Clearance)
US customs and immigration processing completed at a foreign airport before departure
Bevorzugtes Boarding (Priority Boarding)
Early aircraft boarding privilege given to premium class passengers or loyalty program members
Sicherheitsüberprüfung (Security Screening)
The process of checking passengers and baggage for prohibited items before entering secure areas
Übertragen (Transfer)
Changing from one flight to another at a connecting airport
Transit (Luftseite) (Transit (Airside))
Remaining in the secure area of an airport between connecting flights without passing through immigration
Unbegleiteter Minderjähriger (UM: Unaccompanied Minor)
A child traveling without an adult passenger who receives special airline supervision
Fluggesellschaftsbetrieb (20)
Airline-Allianz (Airline Alliance)
A partnership of airlines that cooperate on routes, frequent flyer programs, and lounge access
Verfügbare Sitzplatzkilometer (ASK: Available Seat Kilometer)
The total passenger capacity of an airline measured in seats multiplied by distance flown
Charterfluggesellschaft (Charter Airline)
An airline that operates flights booked by travel agencies or tour operators rather than scheduled services
Codesharing (Codeshare)
An agreement where two or more airlines share the same flight under different flight numbers
Trockenmiete (Dry Lease)
An aircraft lease providing only the aircraft, without crew or operational support
Zubringerfluggesellschaft (Feeder Airline)
A regional airline that transports passengers to and from a larger carrier's hub
Flaggenträger (Flag Carrier)
An airline that is designated to represent and carry the flag of its home country
Bestandsschutz (Grandfather Rights)
The principle allowing airlines to retain airport slots based on historical usage
Hub-and-Spoke-Modell (Hub-and-Spoke Model)
An airline network model routing most flights through a central hub airport
Interline-Vereinbarung (Interline Agreement)
An agreement allowing passengers to use a single ticket for journeys involving multiple airlines
Lastfaktor (LF: Load Factor)
The percentage of available seats on an aircraft that are filled with passengers
Low-Cost-Carrier (LCC: Low-Cost Carrier)
An airline operating with a lower cost structure and offering lower fares than full-service carriers
oneworld
A global airline alliance founded in 1999, members include American Airlines, British Airways, Qantas
Punkt-zu-Punkt-Modell (Point-to-Point Model)
An airline network model where flights connect cities directly without routing through a hub
Einnahmen-Passagier-Kilometer (RPK: Revenue Passenger Kilometer)
A measure of airline traffic calculated as passengers carried multiplied by distance flown
Slot (Flughafenslot) (Slot (Airport Slot))
A scheduled time allocation for an airline to use airport infrastructure for takeoff or landing
Star Alliance
The world's largest airline alliance founded in 1997, members include United, Lufthansa, ANA
Ultra-Low-Cost-Carrier (ULCC: Ultra-Low-Cost Carrier)
An airline with the most stripped-down fares, charging separately for nearly all services
Nasser Mietvertrag (Wet Lease)
An aircraft lease that includes the aircraft, crew, maintenance, and insurance (ACMI)
Ertrag (Yield)
Average revenue per passenger-kilometer, a key airline profitability metric
Flugzeuge und Technik (24)
Hilfsaggregat (APU: Auxiliary Power Unit)
A small engine on the aircraft that provides electrical power and air conditioning on the ground
Avionik (Avionics)
The electronic systems used in aircraft including navigation, communication, and flight management
Zapfluft (Bleed Air)
Compressed air extracted from the jet engine compressor used for cabin pressurization and de-icing
Verbundwerkstoffe (Composite Materials)
Advanced lightweight materials (carbon fiber, fiberglass) used in modern aircraft construction
Leitwerk (Heckteil) (Empennage (Tail Section))
The tail assembly of an aircraft including horizontal stabilizer, vertical fin, and control surfaces
ETOPS-Bewertung (ETOPS Rating)
The certified maximum time a twin-engine aircraft may fly from a suitable diversion airport
Flugmanagementsystem (FMS: Flight Management System)
A computer system that automates navigation, performance optimization, and flight planning
Fly-by-Wire (FBW: Fly-By-Wire)
A system replacing manual flight controls with electronic signals sent to actuators
Rumpf (Fuselage)
The main body structure of an aircraft that holds crew, passengers, and cargo
Fahrwerk (Landing Gear)
The undercarriage system of wheels, struts, and brakes supporting the aircraft on the ground
Machzahl (M: Mach Number)
The ratio of the aircraft's speed to the speed of sound in the surrounding atmosphere
Maximales Startgewicht (MTOW: Maximum Takeoff Weight)
The maximum weight at which the pilot is allowed to attempt takeoff
Schmalrumpfflugzeuge (Narrow-Body Aircraft)
A single-aisle aircraft typically seating 100-240 passengers for short/medium-haul flights
Druckbeaufschlagung (Pressurization)
The process of maintaining a safe atmospheric pressure inside the aircraft cabin at high altitudes
Reichweite (Flugzeuge) (Range (Aircraft))
The maximum distance an aircraft can fly without refueling
Regionaljet (RJ: Regional Jet)
A small jet aircraft typically seating 50-100 passengers for short-haul routes
Service-Obergrenze (Service Ceiling)
The maximum altitude at which an aircraft can sustain a specified rate of climb
Stallgeschwindigkeit (Vs: Stall Speed)
The minimum speed at which an aircraft can maintain level flight
System zur Vermeidung von Verkehrskollisionen (TCAS: Traffic Collision Avoidance System)
An airborne system that detects other transponder-equipped aircraft and provides resolution advisories
Turbofan-Motor (Turbofan Engine)
A jet engine that uses a ducted fan to produce thrust, the most common type on commercial aircraft
Turboprop-Flugzeug (Turboprop)
An aircraft powered by a gas turbine engine driving a propeller, efficient at lower speeds
Turbowellenmotor (Turboshaft Engine)
A gas turbine engine optimized to produce shaft power, primarily used in helicopters
Großraumflugzeuge (Wide-Body Aircraft)
A twin-aisle aircraft typically seating 200-600 passengers for medium/long-haul flights
Flügelspitzenaufsatz (Winglet)
A vertical or angled extension at the tip of an aircraft wing that reduces drag
Flugwetter (18)
Wolkendecke (Ceiling)
The height of the lowest layer of clouds covering more than half the sky
Klarluft-Turbulenz (CAT: Clear Air Turbulence)
Turbulence occurring in cloudless areas, often near jet streams, invisible to radar
Seitenwind (Crosswind)
A wind blowing perpendicular to the direction of travel or runway alignment
Nebel (Fog)
Visibility-reducing water droplets suspended near the surface, a major cause of airport delays
Gegenwind (Headwind)
A wind blowing directly opposite to the direction of aircraft travel, reducing ground speed
Vereisung (Icing)
The accumulation of ice on aircraft surfaces during flight through supercooled water droplets
Jetstream (Jet Stream)
A narrow band of strong winds (100-200 kt) at high altitudes affecting flight times and routing
METAR (METAR)
Aviation Routine Weather Report — a standardized format for reporting current weather conditions
Pilotenbericht (PIREP: Pilot Report)
An in-flight weather report provided by a pilot describing actual conditions encountered
QNH (QNH)
The atmospheric pressure adjusted to mean sea level, used for altimeter setting
SIGMET (SIGMET)
Significant Meteorological Information — a warning of severe weather hazardous to all aircraft
Rückenwind (Tailwind)
A wind blowing in the same direction as the aircraft's travel, increasing ground speed
Flugplatzwettervorhersage (TAF) (TAF: Terminal Aerodrome Forecast)
A weather forecast for the area around an airport, typically covering a 24-30 hour period
Gewitter (Cumulonimbus) (CB: Thunderstorm (Cumulonimbus))
A convective weather system producing lightning, turbulence, hail, and heavy precipitation
Turbulenzen (Turbulence)
Irregular atmospheric motion causing sudden changes in an aircraft's altitude or attitude
Sichtbarkeit (VIS: Visibility)
The greatest distance at which prominent objects can be identified with the unaided eye
Vulkanische Aschewolke (Volcanic Ash Cloud)
Fine rock particles from volcanic eruptions that can damage jet engines and aircraft systems
Windscherung (Wind Shear)
A sudden change in wind speed or direction over a short distance, hazardous during takeoff and landing
Sicherheit und Vorschriften (22)
Lufttüchtigkeitszeugnis (Airworthiness Certificate)
An official document certifying that an aircraft meets safety standards and is fit to fly
Vogelschlag (Bird Strike)
A collision between an airborne animal and an aircraft, posing risk to engines and windscreens
Black Box (Flugschreiber) (FDR/CVR: Black Box (Flight Recorder))
The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder that capture flight parameters and audio
Kontrollierter Flug ins Gelände (CFIT: Controlled Flight Into Terrain)
An accident where an airworthy aircraft is flown into terrain, water, or an obstacle
Crew-Ressourcenmanagement (CRM: Crew Resource Management)
Training methodology that improves teamwork, communication, and decision-making among flight crew
Notevakuierung (Emergency Evacuation)
The rapid deployment of passengers from an aircraft via emergency exits and slides
Notausgang (Emergency Exit)
A specially designed door or window on an aircraft that can be opened quickly for evacuation
Verbessertes GPWS (EGPWS: Enhanced GPWS)
An advanced terrain awareness system combining GPS data with a terrain database
Agentur der Europäischen Union für Flugsicherheit (EASA: European Union Aviation Safety Agency)
The EU agency responsible for civil aviation safety regulation
US-Luftfahrtbehörde (FAA) (FAA: Federal Aviation Administration)
The US government agency responsible for regulating civil aviation
Feuerunterdrückungssystem (Fire Suppression System)
Aircraft systems designed to detect and extinguish fires in engines, cargo holds, and lavatories
Bodennähe-Warnsystem (GPWS: Ground Proximity Warning System)
An aircraft system that alerts pilots when the aircraft is in dangerous proximity to terrain
Internationaler Luftverkehrsverband (IATA: International Air Transport Association)
The trade association representing airlines worldwide, managing codes and standards
Internationale Zivilluftfahrtorganisation (ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization)
The UN specialized agency managing international civil aviation standards and regulations
Schwimmweste (Life Vest)
A personal flotation device stored under each aircraft seat for use in water emergencies
MAYDAY
The international distress signal indicating grave and imminent danger requiring immediate assistance
Hinweis für Luftmissionen (NOTAM: Notice to Air Missions)
A notice filed with aviation authorities to alert pilots of hazards or changes along a flight route
PAN-PAN
The international urgency signal indicating a condition requiring assistance but not immediate danger
Landebahneinfall (Runway Incursion)
Any occurrence involving unauthorized presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on a runway
Sicherheitsmanagementsystem (SMS: Safety Management System)
A systematic approach to managing aviation safety including organizational structures and policies
Transportsicherheitsbehörde (TSA: Transportation Security Administration)
The US agency responsible for security of transportation systems, particularly airports
Wirbelschleppe (Wake Turbulence)
Air disturbance caused by an aircraft's wingtip vortices, hazardous to following aircraft
Flugsicherung (20)
Flugsicherung (ATC: Air Traffic Control)
The ground-based service that directs aircraft on the ground and in the air to maintain safe separation
Anflugkontrolle (APP: Approach Control)
The ATC facility responsible for aircraft in the terminal area around an airport
Bereichskontrollzentrum (ACC: Area Control Center)
The ATC facility responsible for aircraft in en-route airspace between terminal areas
Automatische abhängige Überwachungssendung (ADS-B: Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast)
A surveillance technology where aircraft broadcast GPS position and other data
Automatischer Terminalinformationsdienst (ATIS: Automatic Terminal Information Service)
A continuous broadcast of recorded airport information including weather, runways, and NOTAMs
ATC-Freigabe (Clearance)
An authorization from ATC for an aircraft to proceed under specified conditions
Controller-Pilot-Datenverbindung (CPDLC: Controller-Pilot Data Link)
A text-based communication system between pilots and ATC supplementing voice radio
Flugfortschrittsstreifen (Flight Progress Strip)
A paper or electronic record displaying essential information about an individual flight
Flusskontrolle (Flow Control)
ATC measures to regulate the rate of aircraft entering a sector or airport to prevent overload
Bodenkontrolle (GND: Ground Control)
The ATC position responsible for aircraft and vehicles on airport taxiways and ramps
Bodenstopp (Ground Stop)
A traffic management procedure halting departures to a specific airport
Übergabe (Handoff)
The transfer of radar identification and communication between ATC sectors or facilities
Verkehrsdosierung (Metering)
The controlled timing of aircraft to manage arrival flow at busy airports
Radarsystem (Radar)
Radio detection and ranging technology used to track aircraft positions and weather
Funkkommunikation (Radio Communication)
Voice communication between pilots and ATC using VHF or HF radio frequencies
SELCAL (SELCAL)
Selective Calling — a system that alerts a specific aircraft that a ground station wants to communicate
Trennung (Separation)
The minimum required spacing between aircraft to prevent collision
Verkehrsreihenfolge (Sequencing)
The process of arranging arriving aircraft in an orderly line for approach and landing
Turmkontrolle (TWR: Tower Control)
The ATC position responsible for aircraft on or near the runway and in the immediate airport area
Radarvektorierung (Vectoring)
ATC directing an aircraft to fly specific headings for traffic sequencing or separation
Reiseplanung (22)
Prämienflug (Award Flight)
A flight booked using frequent flyer miles or points rather than money
Kabinenklasse (Cabin Class)
The service tier on an aircraft: Economy, Premium Economy, Business, or First Class
Anschlussflug (Connecting Flight)
A flight that requires changing aircraft at an intermediate airport
Positionierungsflug (Deadhead) (Dead-Head)
An airline crew member traveling as a passenger to reach their next working assignment
Direktflug (Direct Flight)
A flight that does not require a change of aircraft, but may include intermediate stops
Elektronisches Visum (e-Visa: Electronic Visa)
A visa obtained through an online application before travel
Eye-in-the-Sky-Flug (Eye-in-the-Sky Flight)
A westbound daytime long-haul flight that appears to chase the sun
Tarifklasse (Buchungscode) (Fare Class (Booking Code))
A letter code identifying the fare type and conditions of a ticket
Vielfliegerprogramm (FFP: Frequent Flyer Program)
An airline loyalty program rewarding regular travelers with miles, points, and elite benefits
Jetlag (Jet Lag)
Fatigue and disorientation from rapid travel across multiple time zones
Zwischenstopp (Layover)
A short wait between connecting flights, typically under 24 hours
Reiseroute durch mehrere Städte (Multi-City Itinerary)
A travel itinerary visiting multiple destinations before returning home
Nonstop-Flug (Nonstop Flight)
A flight from origin to destination without any intermediate stops
One-Way-Ticket (One-Way Ticket)
A ticket for travel in one direction only, without a return flight
Öffne den Kiefer (Open Jaw)
An itinerary where the departure city differs from the arrival city on the return trip
Rote-Augen-Flug (Red-Eye Flight)
An overnight flight departing late at night and arriving early the next morning
Einnahmenflucht (Revenue Flight)
A flight booked with cash payment as opposed to an award (miles-based) booking
Hin- und Rückfahrt (Round Trip)
A journey from an origin to a destination and back to the origin
Zwischenstopp (Stopover)
A planned break in a journey lasting 24 hours or more at an intermediate point
Transitvisum (Transit Visa)
A visa required for passing through a country's airport while connecting to another destination
Reiseversicherung (Travel Insurance)
Insurance coverage for unexpected events during travel including cancellation and medical emergencies
Visum bei Ankunft (VOA: Visa on Arrival)
A visa obtained at the destination airport's immigration counter rather than in advance
Luftfahrtgeografie (20)
Kurs (Bearing)
The horizontal direction from one point to another, measured in degrees from true north
Kontinentaler Luftraum (Continental Airspace)
Airspace over a continent's landmass, typically better served by radar and communications
Koordinierte Weltzeit (UTC: Coordinated Universal Time)
The primary time standard for regulating clocks and aviation worldwide (also called Zulu time)
Flugkorridor (Flight Corridor)
A designated airspace pathway commonly used for routing flights between regions
Große Kreisdistanz (GCD: Great Circle Distance)
The shortest distance between two points on Earth, following the curvature of the globe
Hemisphäre (Hemisphere)
One half of the Earth divided by the equator (N/S) or Prime Meridian (E/W)
Internationale Datumsgrenze (IDL: International Date Line)
An imaginary line roughly along the 180° meridian where the calendar date changes
Känguru-Route (Kangaroo Route)
The air route between Australia and the United Kingdom, historically via multiple stops in Asia
Knoten (kt: Knot)
A unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour, used in aviation and maritime
Breitengrad (Latitude)
The angular distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees
Längengrad (Longitude)
The angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees
Magnetische Variation (Magnetic Variation)
The angular difference between true north and magnetic north at a given location
Nautische Meile (NM: Nautical Mile)
A unit of distance equal to one minute of latitude, approximately 1.852 km
Ozeanischer Luftraum (Oceanic Airspace)
Airspace over oceans where radar coverage is limited, requiring procedural separation
Polarroute (Polar Route)
An air route passing near the North or South Pole, shortening distances between certain cities
Gesetzliche Meile (SM: Statute Mile)
A unit of distance equal to 5,280 feet or approximately 1.609 km
Zeitzone (Time Zone)
A geographic region observing a uniform standard time, typically offset from UTC
Transatlantische Route (Transatlantic Route)
An air route crossing the Atlantic Ocean, connecting Europe/Africa with the Americas
Transpazifische Route (Transpacific Route)
An air route crossing the Pacific Ocean, connecting Asia/Oceania with the Americas
Wendekreis des Krebses (Tropic of Cancer)
The northernmost latitude (23.5°N) where the sun can be directly overhead