Авиационный глоссарий

255

255 терминов в 12 категориях

Инфраструктура аэропорта 25 Коды и классификация аэропортов 18 Навигация и воздушное пространство 22 Лётные операции 22 Пассажирский опыт 22 Деятельность авиакомпаний 20 Воздушные суда и инженерия 24 Авиационная метеорология 18 Безопасность и регулирование 22 Управление воздушным движением 20 Планирование путешествий 22 Авиационная география 20

Инфраструктура аэропорта (25)

Освещение аэродрома (AGL: Airfield Lighting)

The system of lights on runways, taxiways, and aprons that guide aircraft during low visibility

Пожарная часть аэропорта (ARFF: Airport Fire Station)

Airport Rescue and Firefighting facility providing emergency response for aircraft incidents

Фартук (Apron)

The area of an airport where aircraft are parked, loaded, fueled, and boarded

Система обработки багажа (BHS: Baggage Handling System)

The network of conveyors and sorting equipment that moves luggage within an airport

Взрывной забор (Blast Fence)

A barrier designed to redirect jet engine exhaust away from people and structures on the apron

Грузовой терминал (Cargo Terminal)

A specialized airport facility for handling freight and mail shipments

Конкорс (Concourse)

A section of a terminal containing gates for aircraft boarding and deplaning

Диспетчерская вышка (TWR: Control Tower)

The facility at an airport from which air traffic controllers direct aircraft movements

Антиобледенительная подушечка (De-Icing Pad)

A designated area where aircraft are treated with de-icing fluid before takeoff in cold weather

Смещенный порог (Displaced Threshold)

A threshold not located at the beginning of the full-strength runway surface

Стационарный оператор (FBO: Fixed-Base Operator)

A commercial business granted the right to operate at an airport providing aeronautical services

Топливная ферма (Fuel Farm)

An airport facility that stores and distributes aviation fuel to aircraft

Ворота (Gate)

A designated area at an airport where passengers board and deplane aircraft

Ангар (Hangar)

An enclosed building structure to hold aircraft for maintenance or storage

Холдинг Бэй (Holding Bay)

A designated area near the runway where aircraft wait before receiving takeoff clearance

Антенна курсового маяка ILS (LOC: ILS Localizer Antenna)

A ground-based radio transmitter providing horizontal guidance for precision approaches

Реактивный мост (Jet Bridge)

An enclosed, movable connector between an airport terminal gate and an aircraft door

PAPI (PAPI)

Precision Approach Path Indicator — a visual aid providing glidepath guidance during approach

взлетно-посадочная полоса (RWY: Runway)

A defined rectangular surface on an airport prepared for aircraft takeoff and landing

Зона безопасности на конце ВПП (RESA: Runway End Safety Area)

An area beyond the runway end intended to reduce risk of damage to aircraft undershooting or overrunning

Порог взлетно-посадочной полосы (Runway Threshold)

The beginning of the usable portion of a runway for landing

Остановка (SWY: Stopway)

An area beyond the takeoff runway designated for decelerating an aircraft during an aborted takeoff

рулежная дорожка (TWY: Taxiway)

A defined path on an airport for aircraft to travel between runways and aprons

Терминал (Terminal)

A building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground and air transportation

Ветроуказатель (Windsock)

A conical textile tube mounted on an airport that indicates wind direction and approximate speed

Коды и классификация аэропортов (18)

Категория аэропорта (Airport Category)

The classification system used to categorize airports by size, traffic, and facilities

Высота аэропорта (ELEV: Airport Elevation)

The highest point of an airport's usable landing area measured above mean sea level

Ориентир аэропорта (ARP: Airport Reference Point)

The designated geographical center of an airport used for identification and coordination

Идентификатор местоположения ФАУ (FAA LID: FAA Location Identifier)

A 3-4 character identifier used by the FAA for airports and navigation aids in the US

Фокус-Сити (Focus City)

An airport where an airline operates significant point-to-point service without full hub operations

Аэропорт гражданской авиации (GA: General Aviation Airport)

An airport primarily serving non-scheduled and private aircraft operations

Вертодром (Heliport)

An area of land or a structure used for helicopter takeoff, landing, and parking

Хаб-аэропорт (Hub Airport)

An airport that serves as a transfer point for connecting flights, typically for one or more airlines

Код ИАТА (IATA: IATA Code)

A three-letter code assigned by IATA to identify airports worldwide

Кодекс ИКАО (ICAO: ICAO Code)

A four-character alphanumeric code assigned by ICAO for airports and airfields

Международный аэропорт (International Airport)

An airport with customs and immigration facilities that handles international flights

Большой аэропорт (Large Airport)

An airport with substantial scheduled airline operations and high passenger volume

Средний аэропорт (Medium Airport)

An airport with moderate levels of commercial and general aviation activity

Реливер аэропорт (Reliever Airport)

An airport designated to reduce congestion at a major commercial airport

Плановое обслуживание (Scheduled Service)

Regularly operated commercial flights that run on published timetables

База гидросамолетов (Seaplane Base)

A facility on water for the takeoff, landing, and servicing of seaplanes and amphibious aircraft

Аэропорт со слот-контролем (Slot-Controlled Airport)

An airport where takeoff and landing slots are allocated to airlines due to capacity constraints

Малый аэропорт (Small Airport)

An airport with limited aviation activity, often serving general aviation

Лётные операции (22)

Блокировать топливо (Block Fuel)

The total fuel required for a flight from engine start to engine shutdown

Блокировать время (Block Time)

The total time from gate departure to gate arrival, including taxiing and airborne time

Набор высоты (Climb)

The phase of flight where an aircraft gains altitude after takeoff

Посадка при боковом ветре (Crosswind Landing)

A landing technique used when wind blows perpendicular to the runway direction

Крейсерский полёт (Cruise)

The phase of flight at a relatively constant altitude and speed between climb and descent

Снижение (Descent)

The phase of flight where an aircraft reduces altitude as it approaches the destination

Уход на запасной (Diversion)

A change in route to land at an airport other than the intended destination

ETOPS (ETOPS)

Extended-range Twin-engine Operations — rules governing how far twin-engine aircraft can fly from airports

Паромный рейс (Ferry Flight)

A non-revenue flight for repositioning an aircraft to another airport

Выравнивание (Flare)

A pitch-up maneuver performed just before touchdown to reduce descent rate

План полета (FPL: Flight Plan)

A document filed with air traffic control detailing the intended route, altitude, and timing of a flight

Уход на второй круг (Go-Around)

An aborted landing where the aircraft applies full power and climbs away from the runway

Большой круговой маршрут (GCR: Great Circle Route)

The shortest path between two points on the Earth's surface, commonly used in long-haul aviation

Зона ожидания (Holding Pattern)

A racetrack-shaped flight path used to delay an aircraft's approach to an airport

Посадка (Landing)

The final phase of flight where an aircraft descends to the runway surface

Позиционирование полета (Positioning Flight)

A flight to move crew or aircraft to a location needed for operational purposes

Румбовидная линия (Rhumb Line)

A path crossing all meridians at the same angle, appearing straight on a Mercator projection

Вращение (Вр) (Vr: Rotation (Vr))

The speed at which the pilot pulls back on the controls to lift the aircraft's nose during takeoff

Взлет (Takeoff)

The phase of flight in which an aircraft accelerates and becomes airborne

Техническая остановка (Technical Stop)

An intermediate landing for refueling or maintenance rather than passenger purposes

Время выполнения работ (Turnaround Time)

The time required to unload, service, and reload an aircraft between arrival and departure

Время подъема колес (Wheels-Up Time)

The moment an aircraft lifts off the runway and becomes fully airborne

Пассажирский опыт (22)

Зал ожидания в аэропорту (Airport Lounge)

A premium waiting area offering comfortable seating, food, drinks, and amenities

Автоматизированный паспортный контроль (APC: Automated Passport Control)

Self-service kiosks that expedite immigration processing for eligible passengers

Выдача багажа (Baggage Claim)

The area in an airport where arriving passengers collect their checked luggage

Интернат (Boarding)

The process of passengers entering the aircraft before departure

Посадочный талон (Boarding Pass)

A document providing authorization to board an aircraft for a specific flight

Ручная кладь (Carry-On Baggage)

Luggage small enough to be stowed in the overhead bin or under the seat

Зарегистрированный багаж (Checked Baggage)

Luggage surrendered at check-in to be transported in the aircraft's cargo hold

Регистрация (Check-In)

The process of confirming a passenger's presence and obtaining a boarding pass

Таможня (Customs)

Government checkpoints where goods brought into a country are inspected and duties assessed

Отказано в посадке (Denied Boarding)

When a passenger with a confirmed reservation is not allowed to board due to overbooking

Магазины беспошлинной торговли (Duty-Free Shopping)

Retail outlets in international departure areas exempt from local taxes and duties

Глобальный вход (Global Entry)

A US Customs program for expedited clearance for pre-approved, low-risk travelers

Иммиграция (Immigration)

Border control points where passports and visas are checked for international arrivals

Минимальное время соединения (MCT: Minimum Connection Time)

The shortest allowed time between connecting flights at a specific airport

Оверсейл (овербукинг) (Oversale (Overbooking))

The airline practice of selling more tickets than available seats to account for no-shows

Запись имени пассажира (PNR: Passenger Name Record)

A record in the airline reservation system containing passenger itinerary and contact information

Предварительная очистка (Pre-Clearance)

US customs and immigration processing completed at a foreign airport before departure

Приоритетная посадка (Priority Boarding)

Early aircraft boarding privilege given to premium class passengers or loyalty program members

Проверка безопасности (Security Screening)

The process of checking passengers and baggage for prohibited items before entering secure areas

Трансфер (Transfer)

Changing from one flight to another at a connecting airport

Транзит (зона после прохождения паспортного контроля) (Transit (Airside))

Remaining in the secure area of an airport between connecting flights without passing through immigration

Несовершеннолетний без сопровождения (UM: Unaccompanied Minor)

A child traveling without an adult passenger who receives special airline supervision

Деятельность авиакомпаний (20)

Авиационный Альянс (Airline Alliance)

A partnership of airlines that cooperate on routes, frequent flyer programs, and lounge access

Доступное место в километрах (ASK: Available Seat Kilometer)

The total passenger capacity of an airline measured in seats multiplied by distance flown

Чартерная авиакомпания (Charter Airline)

An airline that operates flights booked by travel agencies or tour operators rather than scheduled services

Совместное использование кодов (Codeshare)

An agreement where two or more airlines share the same flight under different flight numbers

Аренда без обслуживания (Dry Lease)

An aircraft lease providing only the aircraft, without crew or operational support

Фидерная авиакомпания (Feeder Airline)

A regional airline that transports passengers to and from a larger carrier's hub

Флагманский перевозчик (Flag Carrier)

An airline that is designated to represent and carry the flag of its home country

Исторические права (Grandfather Rights)

The principle allowing airlines to retain airport slots based on historical usage

Модель со ступицей и спицами (Hub-and-Spoke Model)

An airline network model routing most flights through a central hub airport

Интерлайн-соглашение (Interline Agreement)

An agreement allowing passengers to use a single ticket for journeys involving multiple airlines

Коэффициент нагрузки (LF: Load Factor)

The percentage of available seats on an aircraft that are filled with passengers

Бюджетный перевозчик (LCC: Low-Cost Carrier)

An airline operating with a lower cost structure and offering lower fares than full-service carriers

oneworld

A global airline alliance founded in 1999, members include American Airlines, British Airways, Qantas

Модель «точка-точка» (Point-to-Point Model)

An airline network model where flights connect cities directly without routing through a hub

Выручка Пассажиро-километр (RPK: Revenue Passenger Kilometer)

A measure of airline traffic calculated as passengers carried multiplied by distance flown

Слот (слот аэропорта) (Slot (Airport Slot))

A scheduled time allocation for an airline to use airport infrastructure for takeoff or landing

Star Alliance

The world's largest airline alliance founded in 1997, members include United, Lufthansa, ANA

Ультра-бюджетный перевозчик (ULCC: Ultra-Low-Cost Carrier)

An airline with the most stripped-down fares, charging separately for nearly all services

Аренда с обслуживанием (Wet Lease)

An aircraft lease that includes the aircraft, crew, maintenance, and insurance (ACMI)

Доходность (Yield)

Average revenue per passenger-kilometer, a key airline profitability metric

Воздушные суда и инженерия (24)

Вспомогательная силовая установка (APU: Auxiliary Power Unit)

A small engine on the aircraft that provides electrical power and air conditioning on the ground

Авионика (Avionics)

The electronic systems used in aircraft including navigation, communication, and flight management

Выпустить воздух (Bleed Air)

Compressed air extracted from the jet engine compressor used for cabin pressurization and de-icing

Композитные материалы (Composite Materials)

Advanced lightweight materials (carbon fiber, fiberglass) used in modern aircraft construction

Оперение (хвостовая часть) (Empennage (Tail Section))

The tail assembly of an aircraft including horizontal stabilizer, vertical fin, and control surfaces

Рейтинг ЭТОПС (ETOPS Rating)

The certified maximum time a twin-engine aircraft may fly from a suitable diversion airport

Система управления полетом (FMS: Flight Management System)

A computer system that automates navigation, performance optimization, and flight planning

Дистанционное управление (FBW: Fly-By-Wire)

A system replacing manual flight controls with electronic signals sent to actuators

Фюзеляж (Fuselage)

The main body structure of an aircraft that holds crew, passengers, and cargo

Шасси (Landing Gear)

The undercarriage system of wheels, struts, and brakes supporting the aircraft on the ground

Число Маха (M: Mach Number)

The ratio of the aircraft's speed to the speed of sound in the surrounding atmosphere

Максимальный взлетный вес (MTOW: Maximum Takeoff Weight)

The maximum weight at which the pilot is allowed to attempt takeoff

Узкофюзеляжный самолет (Narrow-Body Aircraft)

A single-aisle aircraft typically seating 100-240 passengers for short/medium-haul flights

Наддув (Pressurization)

The process of maintaining a safe atmospheric pressure inside the aircraft cabin at high altitudes

Дальность (Самолет) (Range (Aircraft))

The maximum distance an aircraft can fly without refueling

Региональный самолет (RJ: Regional Jet)

A small jet aircraft typically seating 50-100 passengers for short-haul routes

Потолок обслуживания (Service Ceiling)

The maximum altitude at which an aircraft can sustain a specified rate of climb

Скорость сваливания (Vs: Stall Speed)

The minimum speed at which an aircraft can maintain level flight

Система предотвращения дорожно-транспортных происшествий (TCAS: Traffic Collision Avoidance System)

An airborne system that detects other transponder-equipped aircraft and provides resolution advisories

Турбовентиляторный двигатель (Turbofan Engine)

A jet engine that uses a ducted fan to produce thrust, the most common type on commercial aircraft

Турбовинтовой (Turboprop)

An aircraft powered by a gas turbine engine driving a propeller, efficient at lower speeds

Турбовальный двигатель (Turboshaft Engine)

A gas turbine engine optimized to produce shaft power, primarily used in helicopters

Широкофюзеляжный самолет (Wide-Body Aircraft)

A twin-aisle aircraft typically seating 200-600 passengers for medium/long-haul flights

Крылышко (Winglet)

A vertical or angled extension at the tip of an aircraft wing that reduces drag

Авиационная метеорология (18)

Нижняя граница облачности (Ceiling)

The height of the lowest layer of clouds covering more than half the sky

Турбулентность ясного неба (CAT: Clear Air Turbulence)

Turbulence occurring in cloudless areas, often near jet streams, invisible to radar

Боковой ветер (Crosswind)

A wind blowing perpendicular to the direction of travel or runway alignment

Туман (Fog)

Visibility-reducing water droplets suspended near the surface, a major cause of airport delays

Встречный ветер (Headwind)

A wind blowing directly opposite to the direction of aircraft travel, reducing ground speed

Обледенение (Icing)

The accumulation of ice on aircraft surfaces during flight through supercooled water droplets

Реактивный поток (Jet Stream)

A narrow band of strong winds (100-200 kt) at high altitudes affecting flight times and routing

METAR (METAR)

Aviation Routine Weather Report — a standardized format for reporting current weather conditions

Доклад пилота (PIREP: Pilot Report)

An in-flight weather report provided by a pilot describing actual conditions encountered

QNH (QNH)

The atmospheric pressure adjusted to mean sea level, used for altimeter setting

SIGMET (SIGMET)

Significant Meteorological Information — a warning of severe weather hazardous to all aircraft

Попутный ветер (Tailwind)

A wind blowing in the same direction as the aircraft's travel, increasing ground speed

Прогноз по аэродрому (TAF) (TAF: Terminal Aerodrome Forecast)

A weather forecast for the area around an airport, typically covering a 24-30 hour period

Гроза (Кучево-дождевые облака) (CB: Thunderstorm (Cumulonimbus))

A convective weather system producing lightning, turbulence, hail, and heavy precipitation

Турбулентность (Turbulence)

Irregular atmospheric motion causing sudden changes in an aircraft's altitude or attitude

Видимость (VIS: Visibility)

The greatest distance at which prominent objects can be identified with the unaided eye

Облако вулканического пепла (Volcanic Ash Cloud)

Fine rock particles from volcanic eruptions that can damage jet engines and aircraft systems

Сдвиг ветра (Wind Shear)

A sudden change in wind speed or direction over a short distance, hazardous during takeoff and landing

Безопасность и регулирование (22)

Сертификат летной годности (Airworthiness Certificate)

An official document certifying that an aircraft meets safety standards and is fit to fly

Птичий удар (Bird Strike)

A collision between an airborne animal and an aircraft, posing risk to engines and windscreens

Черный ящик (бортовой самописец) (FDR/CVR: Black Box (Flight Recorder))

The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder that capture flight parameters and audio

Управляемый полет на землю (CFIT: Controlled Flight Into Terrain)

An accident where an airworthy aircraft is flown into terrain, water, or an obstacle

Управление ресурсами экипажа (CRM: Crew Resource Management)

Training methodology that improves teamwork, communication, and decision-making among flight crew

Экстренная эвакуация (Emergency Evacuation)

The rapid deployment of passengers from an aircraft via emergency exits and slides

Аварийный выход (Emergency Exit)

A specially designed door or window on an aircraft that can be opened quickly for evacuation

Расширенный GPWS (EGPWS: Enhanced GPWS)

An advanced terrain awareness system combining GPS data with a terrain database

Агентство авиационной безопасности Европейского Союза (EASA: European Union Aviation Safety Agency)

The EU agency responsible for civil aviation safety regulation

Федеральное управление гражданской авиации (FAA: Federal Aviation Administration)

The US government agency responsible for regulating civil aviation

Система пожаротушения (Fire Suppression System)

Aircraft systems designed to detect and extinguish fires in engines, cargo holds, and lavatories

Система предупреждения о сближении с землей (GPWS: Ground Proximity Warning System)

An aircraft system that alerts pilots when the aircraft is in dangerous proximity to terrain

Международная ассоциация воздушного транспорта (IATA: International Air Transport Association)

The trade association representing airlines worldwide, managing codes and standards

Международная организация гражданской авиации (ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization)

The UN specialized agency managing international civil aviation standards and regulations

Спасательный жилет (Life Vest)

A personal flotation device stored under each aircraft seat for use in water emergencies

MAYDAY

The international distress signal indicating grave and imminent danger requiring immediate assistance

Уведомление для воздушных миссий (NOTAM: Notice to Air Missions)

A notice filed with aviation authorities to alert pilots of hazards or changes along a flight route

PAN-PAN

The international urgency signal indicating a condition requiring assistance but not immediate danger

Вторжение на взлетно-посадочную полосу (Runway Incursion)

Any occurrence involving unauthorized presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on a runway

Система управления безопасностью (SMS: Safety Management System)

A systematic approach to managing aviation safety including organizational structures and policies

Управление транспортной безопасности (TSA: Transportation Security Administration)

The US agency responsible for security of transportation systems, particularly airports

След Турбулентности (Wake Turbulence)

Air disturbance caused by an aircraft's wingtip vortices, hazardous to following aircraft