Glosario de aviación
255255 términos en 12 categorías
Infraestructura aeroportuaria (25)
Iluminación de aeródromo (AGL: Airfield Lighting)
The system of lights on runways, taxiways, and aprons that guide aircraft during low visibility
Estación de bomberos aeroportuaria (ARFF: Airport Fire Station)
Airport Rescue and Firefighting facility providing emergency response for aircraft incidents
Plataforma (Apron)
The area of an airport where aircraft are parked, loaded, fueled, and boarded
Sistema de manejo de equipaje (BHS: Baggage Handling System)
The network of conveyors and sorting equipment that moves luggage within an airport
Deflector de chorro (Blast Fence)
A barrier designed to redirect jet engine exhaust away from people and structures on the apron
Terminal de carga (Cargo Terminal)
A specialized airport facility for handling freight and mail shipments
Sala de embarque (Concourse)
A section of a terminal containing gates for aircraft boarding and deplaning
Torre de control (TWR: Control Tower)
The facility at an airport from which air traffic controllers direct aircraft movements
Plataforma de deshielo (De-Icing Pad)
A designated area where aircraft are treated with de-icing fluid before takeoff in cold weather
Umbral desplazado (Displaced Threshold)
A threshold not located at the beginning of the full-strength runway surface
Operador de base fija (FBO: Fixed-Base Operator)
A commercial business granted the right to operate at an airport providing aeronautical services
Planta de combustible (Fuel Farm)
An airport facility that stores and distributes aviation fuel to aircraft
Puerta de embarque (Gate)
A designated area at an airport where passengers board and deplane aircraft
Hangar de aeronaves (Hangar)
An enclosed building structure to hold aircraft for maintenance or storage
Bahía de espera (Holding Bay)
A designated area near the runway where aircraft wait before receiving takeoff clearance
Antena localizadora ILS (LOC: ILS Localizer Antenna)
A ground-based radio transmitter providing horizontal guidance for precision approaches
Pasarela de embarque (Jet Bridge)
An enclosed, movable connector between an airport terminal gate and an aircraft door
PAPI (PAPI)
Precision Approach Path Indicator — a visual aid providing glidepath guidance during approach
Pista (RWY: Runway)
A defined rectangular surface on an airport prepared for aircraft takeoff and landing
Área de seguridad de extremo de pista (RESA: Runway End Safety Area)
An area beyond the runway end intended to reduce risk of damage to aircraft undershooting or overrunning
Umbral de pista (Runway Threshold)
The beginning of the usable portion of a runway for landing
Zona de parada (SWY: Stopway)
An area beyond the takeoff runway designated for decelerating an aircraft during an aborted takeoff
Calle de rodaje (TWY: Taxiway)
A defined path on an airport for aircraft to travel between runways and aprons
Terminal aeroportuaria (Terminal)
A building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground and air transportation
Manga de viento (Windsock)
A conical textile tube mounted on an airport that indicates wind direction and approximate speed
Códigos y clasificación de aeropuertos (18)
Categoría de aeropuerto (Airport Category)
The classification system used to categorize airports by size, traffic, and facilities
Elevación del aeropuerto (ELEV: Airport Elevation)
The highest point of an airport's usable landing area measured above mean sea level
Punto de referencia del aeropuerto (ARP: Airport Reference Point)
The designated geographical center of an airport used for identification and coordination
Identificador de ubicación FAA (FAA LID: FAA Location Identifier)
A 3-4 character identifier used by the FAA for airports and navigation aids in the US
Ciudad foco (Focus City)
An airport where an airline operates significant point-to-point service without full hub operations
Aeropuerto de aviación general (GA: General Aviation Airport)
An airport primarily serving non-scheduled and private aircraft operations
Helipuerto (Heliport)
An area of land or a structure used for helicopter takeoff, landing, and parking
Aeropuerto hub (Hub Airport)
An airport that serves as a transfer point for connecting flights, typically for one or more airlines
Código IATA (IATA: IATA Code)
A three-letter code assigned by IATA to identify airports worldwide
Código ICAO (ICAO: ICAO Code)
A four-character alphanumeric code assigned by ICAO for airports and airfields
Aeropuerto internacional (International Airport)
An airport with customs and immigration facilities that handles international flights
Aeropuerto grande (Large Airport)
An airport with substantial scheduled airline operations and high passenger volume
Aeropuerto mediano (Medium Airport)
An airport with moderate levels of commercial and general aviation activity
Aeropuerto de alivio (Reliever Airport)
An airport designated to reduce congestion at a major commercial airport
Servicio regular (Scheduled Service)
Regularly operated commercial flights that run on published timetables
Base de hidroaviones (Seaplane Base)
A facility on water for the takeoff, landing, and servicing of seaplanes and amphibious aircraft
Aeropuerto con slots coordinados (Slot-Controlled Airport)
An airport where takeoff and landing slots are allocated to airlines due to capacity constraints
Aeropuerto pequeño (Small Airport)
An airport with limited aviation activity, often serving general aviation
Operaciones de vuelo (22)
Combustible bloque (Block Fuel)
The total fuel required for a flight from engine start to engine shutdown
Tiempo bloque (Block Time)
The total time from gate departure to gate arrival, including taxiing and airborne time
Ascenso (Climb)
The phase of flight where an aircraft gains altitude after takeoff
Aterrizaje con viento cruzado (Crosswind Landing)
A landing technique used when wind blows perpendicular to the runway direction
Crucero (Cruise)
The phase of flight at a relatively constant altitude and speed between climb and descent
Descenso (Descent)
The phase of flight where an aircraft reduces altitude as it approaches the destination
Desvío (Diversion)
A change in route to land at an airport other than the intended destination
ETOPS (ETOPS)
Extended-range Twin-engine Operations — rules governing how far twin-engine aircraft can fly from airports
Vuelo ferry (Ferry Flight)
A non-revenue flight for repositioning an aircraft to another airport
Flare
A pitch-up maneuver performed just before touchdown to reduce descent rate
Plan de vuelo (FPL: Flight Plan)
A document filed with air traffic control detailing the intended route, altitude, and timing of a flight
Motor y al aire (Go-Around)
An aborted landing where the aircraft applies full power and climbs away from the runway
Ruta de gran círculo (GCR: Great Circle Route)
The shortest path between two points on the Earth's surface, commonly used in long-haul aviation
Patrón de espera (Holding Pattern)
A racetrack-shaped flight path used to delay an aircraft's approach to an airport
Aterrizaje (Landing)
The final phase of flight where an aircraft descends to the runway surface
Vuelo de posicionamiento (Positioning Flight)
A flight to move crew or aircraft to a location needed for operational purposes
Línea loxodrómica (Rhumb Line)
A path crossing all meridians at the same angle, appearing straight on a Mercator projection
Rotación (Vr: Rotation (Vr))
The speed at which the pilot pulls back on the controls to lift the aircraft's nose during takeoff
Despegue (Takeoff)
The phase of flight in which an aircraft accelerates and becomes airborne
Escala técnica (Technical Stop)
An intermediate landing for refueling or maintenance rather than passenger purposes
Tiempo de rotación (Turnaround Time)
The time required to unload, service, and reload an aircraft between arrival and departure
Hora de despegue (Wheels-Up Time)
The moment an aircraft lifts off the runway and becomes fully airborne
Experiencia del pasajero (22)
Sala VIP de aeropuerto (Airport Lounge)
A premium waiting area offering comfortable seating, food, drinks, and amenities
Control automatizado de pasaportes (APC: Automated Passport Control)
Self-service kiosks that expedite immigration processing for eligible passengers
Recogida de equipaje (Baggage Claim)
The area in an airport where arriving passengers collect their checked luggage
Embarque (Boarding)
The process of passengers entering the aircraft before departure
Tarjeta de embarque (Boarding Pass)
A document providing authorization to board an aircraft for a specific flight
Equipaje de mano (Carry-On Baggage)
Luggage small enough to be stowed in the overhead bin or under the seat
Equipaje facturado (Checked Baggage)
Luggage surrendered at check-in to be transported in the aircraft's cargo hold
Check-in (Check-In)
The process of confirming a passenger's presence and obtaining a boarding pass
Aduanas (Customs)
Government checkpoints where goods brought into a country are inspected and duties assessed
Denegación de embarque (Denied Boarding)
When a passenger with a confirmed reservation is not allowed to board due to overbooking
Compras duty-free (Duty-Free Shopping)
Retail outlets in international departure areas exempt from local taxes and duties
Programa Global Entry (Global Entry)
A US Customs program for expedited clearance for pre-approved, low-risk travelers
Inmigración (Immigration)
Border control points where passports and visas are checked for international arrivals
Tiempo mínimo de conexión (MCT: Minimum Connection Time)
The shortest allowed time between connecting flights at a specific airport
Sobreventa (overbooking) (Oversale (Overbooking))
The airline practice of selling more tickets than available seats to account for no-shows
Registro de nombre de pasajero (PNR: Passenger Name Record)
A record in the airline reservation system containing passenger itinerary and contact information
Preautorización migratoria (Pre-Clearance)
US customs and immigration processing completed at a foreign airport before departure
Embarque prioritario (Priority Boarding)
Early aircraft boarding privilege given to premium class passengers or loyalty program members
Control de seguridad (Security Screening)
The process of checking passengers and baggage for prohibited items before entering secure areas
Transferencia (Transfer)
Changing from one flight to another at a connecting airport
Tránsito (lado aire) (Transit (Airside))
Remaining in the secure area of an airport between connecting flights without passing through immigration
Menor no acompañado (UM: Unaccompanied Minor)
A child traveling without an adult passenger who receives special airline supervision
Operaciones de aerolíneas (20)
Alianza aérea (Airline Alliance)
A partnership of airlines that cooperate on routes, frequent flyer programs, and lounge access
Asientos-kilómetro disponibles (ASK: Available Seat Kilometer)
The total passenger capacity of an airline measured in seats multiplied by distance flown
Aerolínea chárter (Charter Airline)
An airline that operates flights booked by travel agencies or tour operators rather than scheduled services
Código compartido (Codeshare)
An agreement where two or more airlines share the same flight under different flight numbers
Arrendamiento seco (Dry Lease)
An aircraft lease providing only the aircraft, without crew or operational support
Aerolínea alimentadora (Feeder Airline)
A regional airline that transports passengers to and from a larger carrier's hub
Aerolínea de bandera (Flag Carrier)
An airline that is designated to represent and carry the flag of its home country
Derechos adquiridos (Grandfather Rights)
The principle allowing airlines to retain airport slots based on historical usage
Modelo hub-and-spoke (Hub-and-Spoke Model)
An airline network model routing most flights through a central hub airport
Acuerdo interlínea (Interline Agreement)
An agreement allowing passengers to use a single ticket for journeys involving multiple airlines
Factor de ocupación (LF: Load Factor)
The percentage of available seats on an aircraft that are filled with passengers
Aerolínea de bajo costo (LCC: Low-Cost Carrier)
An airline operating with a lower cost structure and offering lower fares than full-service carriers
oneworld
A global airline alliance founded in 1999, members include American Airlines, British Airways, Qantas
Modelo punto a punto (Point-to-Point Model)
An airline network model where flights connect cities directly without routing through a hub
Pasajeros-kilómetro de pago (RPK: Revenue Passenger Kilometer)
A measure of airline traffic calculated as passengers carried multiplied by distance flown
Slot (franja aeroportuaria) (Slot (Airport Slot))
A scheduled time allocation for an airline to use airport infrastructure for takeoff or landing
Star Alliance
The world's largest airline alliance founded in 1997, members include United, Lufthansa, ANA
Aerolínea de ultra bajo costo (ULCC: Ultra-Low-Cost Carrier)
An airline with the most stripped-down fares, charging separately for nearly all services
Arrendamiento húmedo (Wet Lease)
An aircraft lease that includes the aircraft, crew, maintenance, and insurance (ACMI)
rendimiento (Yield)
Average revenue per passenger-kilometer, a key airline profitability metric
Aeronaves e ingeniería (24)
Unidad de energía auxiliar (APU: Auxiliary Power Unit)
A small engine on the aircraft that provides electrical power and air conditioning on the ground
Aviónica (Avionics)
The electronic systems used in aircraft including navigation, communication, and flight management
Purgar aire (Bleed Air)
Compressed air extracted from the jet engine compressor used for cabin pressurization and de-icing
Materiales compuestos (Composite Materials)
Advanced lightweight materials (carbon fiber, fiberglass) used in modern aircraft construction
Empenaje (sección de cola) (Empennage (Tail Section))
The tail assembly of an aircraft including horizontal stabilizer, vertical fin, and control surfaces
Calificación ETOPS (ETOPS Rating)
The certified maximum time a twin-engine aircraft may fly from a suitable diversion airport
Sistema de gestión de vuelos (FMS: Flight Management System)
A computer system that automates navigation, performance optimization, and flight planning
Fly-by-wire (FBW: Fly-By-Wire)
A system replacing manual flight controls with electronic signals sent to actuators
fuselaje (Fuselage)
The main body structure of an aircraft that holds crew, passengers, and cargo
Tren de aterrizaje (Landing Gear)
The undercarriage system of wheels, struts, and brakes supporting the aircraft on the ground
Número de Mach (M: Mach Number)
The ratio of the aircraft's speed to the speed of sound in the surrounding atmosphere
Peso máximo de despegue (MTOW: Maximum Takeoff Weight)
The maximum weight at which the pilot is allowed to attempt takeoff
Aeronave de fuselaje estrecho (Narrow-Body Aircraft)
A single-aisle aircraft typically seating 100-240 passengers for short/medium-haul flights
Presurización (Pressurization)
The process of maintaining a safe atmospheric pressure inside the aircraft cabin at high altitudes
Alcance (aviones) (Range (Aircraft))
The maximum distance an aircraft can fly without refueling
Avión Regional (RJ: Regional Jet)
A small jet aircraft typically seating 50-100 passengers for short-haul routes
Techo de servicio (Service Ceiling)
The maximum altitude at which an aircraft can sustain a specified rate of climb
Velocidad de pérdida (Vs: Stall Speed)
The minimum speed at which an aircraft can maintain level flight
Sistema para evitar colisiones de tráfico (TCAS: Traffic Collision Avoidance System)
An airborne system that detects other transponder-equipped aircraft and provides resolution advisories
Motor turboventilador (Turbofan Engine)
A jet engine that uses a ducted fan to produce thrust, the most common type on commercial aircraft
turbohélice (Turboprop)
An aircraft powered by a gas turbine engine driving a propeller, efficient at lower speeds
Motor turboeje (Turboshaft Engine)
A gas turbine engine optimized to produce shaft power, primarily used in helicopters
Aviones de fuselaje ancho (Wide-Body Aircraft)
A twin-aisle aircraft typically seating 200-600 passengers for medium/long-haul flights
ala (Winglet)
A vertical or angled extension at the tip of an aircraft wing that reduces drag
Meteorología aeronáutica (18)
Techo de nubes (Ceiling)
The height of the lowest layer of clouds covering more than half the sky
Turbulencia en aire claro (CAT: Clear Air Turbulence)
Turbulence occurring in cloudless areas, often near jet streams, invisible to radar
Viento cruzado (Crosswind)
A wind blowing perpendicular to the direction of travel or runway alignment
niebla (Fog)
Visibility-reducing water droplets suspended near the surface, a major cause of airport delays
Viento en contra (Headwind)
A wind blowing directly opposite to the direction of aircraft travel, reducing ground speed
formación de hielo (Icing)
The accumulation of ice on aircraft surfaces during flight through supercooled water droplets
Corriente en chorro (Jet Stream)
A narrow band of strong winds (100-200 kt) at high altitudes affecting flight times and routing
METAR (METAR)
Aviation Routine Weather Report — a standardized format for reporting current weather conditions
Informe de piloto (PIREP: Pilot Report)
An in-flight weather report provided by a pilot describing actual conditions encountered
QNH (QNH)
The atmospheric pressure adjusted to mean sea level, used for altimeter setting
SIGMET (SIGMET)
Significant Meteorological Information — a warning of severe weather hazardous to all aircraft
Viento de cola (Tailwind)
A wind blowing in the same direction as the aircraft's travel, increasing ground speed
Pronóstico de aeródromo terminal (TAF: Terminal Aerodrome Forecast)
A weather forecast for the area around an airport, typically covering a 24-30 hour period
Tormenta (Cumulonimbus) (CB: Thunderstorm (Cumulonimbus))
A convective weather system producing lightning, turbulence, hail, and heavy precipitation
Turbulencia (Turbulence)
Irregular atmospheric motion causing sudden changes in an aircraft's altitude or attitude
Visibilidad (VIS: Visibility)
The greatest distance at which prominent objects can be identified with the unaided eye
Nube de ceniza volcánica (Volcanic Ash Cloud)
Fine rock particles from volcanic eruptions that can damage jet engines and aircraft systems
cizalladura del viento (Wind Shear)
A sudden change in wind speed or direction over a short distance, hazardous during takeoff and landing
Seguridad y regulaciones (22)
Certificado de aeronavegabilidad (Airworthiness Certificate)
An official document certifying that an aircraft meets safety standards and is fit to fly
Impacto con aves (Bird Strike)
A collision between an airborne animal and an aircraft, posing risk to engines and windscreens
Caja negra (grabadora de vuelo) (FDR/CVR: Black Box (Flight Recorder))
The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder that capture flight parameters and audio
Vuelo controlado hacia el terreno (CFIT: Controlled Flight Into Terrain)
An accident where an airworthy aircraft is flown into terrain, water, or an obstacle
Gestión de recursos de tripulación (CRM: Crew Resource Management)
Training methodology that improves teamwork, communication, and decision-making among flight crew
Evacuación de emergencia (Emergency Evacuation)
The rapid deployment of passengers from an aircraft via emergency exits and slides
Salida de emergencia (Emergency Exit)
A specially designed door or window on an aircraft that can be opened quickly for evacuation
GPWS mejorado (EGPWS: Enhanced GPWS)
An advanced terrain awareness system combining GPS data with a terrain database
Agencia de Seguridad Aérea de la Unión Europea (EASA: European Union Aviation Safety Agency)
The EU agency responsible for civil aviation safety regulation
Administración Federal de Aviación (FAA: Federal Aviation Administration)
The US government agency responsible for regulating civil aviation
Sistema de extinción de incendios (Fire Suppression System)
Aircraft systems designed to detect and extinguish fires in engines, cargo holds, and lavatories
Sistema de advertencia de proximidad al suelo (GPWS: Ground Proximity Warning System)
An aircraft system that alerts pilots when the aircraft is in dangerous proximity to terrain
Asociación de transporte aéreo internacional (IATA: International Air Transport Association)
The trade association representing airlines worldwide, managing codes and standards
Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional (ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization)
The UN specialized agency managing international civil aviation standards and regulations
Chaleco salvavidas (Life Vest)
A personal flotation device stored under each aircraft seat for use in water emergencies
MAYDAY
The international distress signal indicating grave and imminent danger requiring immediate assistance
Aviso para las misiones aéreas (NOTAM: Notice to Air Missions)
A notice filed with aviation authorities to alert pilots of hazards or changes along a flight route
PAN-PAN
The international urgency signal indicating a condition requiring assistance but not immediate danger
Incursión en pista (Runway Incursion)
Any occurrence involving unauthorized presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on a runway
Sistema de gestión de seguridad (SMS: Safety Management System)
A systematic approach to managing aviation safety including organizational structures and policies
Administración de seguridad del transporte (TSA: Transportation Security Administration)
The US agency responsible for security of transportation systems, particularly airports
Estela turbulenta (Wake Turbulence)
Air disturbance caused by an aircraft's wingtip vortices, hazardous to following aircraft
Control de tráfico aéreo (20)
Control de tráfico aéreo (ATC: Air Traffic Control)
The ground-based service that directs aircraft on the ground and in the air to maintain safe separation
Control de aproximación (APP: Approach Control)
The ATC facility responsible for aircraft in the terminal area around an airport
Centro de control de área (ACC: Area Control Center)
The ATC facility responsible for aircraft in en-route airspace between terminal areas
Vigilancia automática dependiente-transmisión (ADS-B: Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast)
A surveillance technology where aircraft broadcast GPS position and other data
Servicio automático de información terminal (ATIS: Automatic Terminal Information Service)
A continuous broadcast of recorded airport information including weather, runways, and NOTAMs
Autorización ATC (Clearance)
An authorization from ATC for an aircraft to proceed under specified conditions
Enlace de datos controlador-piloto (CPDLC: Controller-Pilot Data Link)
A text-based communication system between pilots and ATC supplementing voice radio
Tira de progreso del vuelo (Flight Progress Strip)
A paper or electronic record displaying essential information about an individual flight
Control de flujo (Flow Control)
ATC measures to regulate the rate of aircraft entering a sector or airport to prevent overload
Control de tierra (GND: Ground Control)
The ATC position responsible for aircraft and vehicles on airport taxiways and ramps
Parada en tierra (Ground Stop)
A traffic management procedure halting departures to a specific airport
Traspaso (Handoff)
The transfer of radar identification and communication between ATC sectors or facilities
Regulación de flujo (Metering)
The controlled timing of aircraft to manage arrival flow at busy airports
Sistema de radar (Radar)
Radio detection and ranging technology used to track aircraft positions and weather
Radiocomunicación (Radio Communication)
Voice communication between pilots and ATC using VHF or HF radio frequencies
SELCAL (SELCAL)
Selective Calling — a system that alerts a specific aircraft that a ground station wants to communicate
Separación ATC (Separation)
The minimum required spacing between aircraft to prevent collision
Secuenciación (Sequencing)
The process of arranging arriving aircraft in an orderly line for approach and landing
Control de torre (TWR: Tower Control)
The ATC position responsible for aircraft on or near the runway and in the immediate airport area
Vectorización radar (Vectoring)
ATC directing an aircraft to fly specific headings for traffic sequencing or separation
Planificación de viajes (22)
Vuelo de premio (Award Flight)
A flight booked using frequent flyer miles or points rather than money
Clase de cabina (Cabin Class)
The service tier on an aircraft: Economy, Premium Economy, Business, or First Class
Vuelo de conexión (Connecting Flight)
A flight that requires changing aircraft at an intermediate airport
Vuelo de reposicionamiento (deadhead) (Dead-Head)
An airline crew member traveling as a passenger to reach their next working assignment
Vuelo directo (Direct Flight)
A flight that does not require a change of aircraft, but may include intermediate stops
Visa Electrónica (e-Visa: Electronic Visa)
A visa obtained through an online application before travel
Vuelo eye-in-the-sky (Eye-in-the-Sky Flight)
A westbound daytime long-haul flight that appears to chase the sun
Clase de tarifa (código de reserva) (Fare Class (Booking Code))
A letter code identifying the fare type and conditions of a ticket
Programa de viajero frecuente (FFP: Frequent Flyer Program)
An airline loyalty program rewarding regular travelers with miles, points, and elite benefits
Desfase horario (Jet Lag)
Fatigue and disorientation from rapid travel across multiple time zones
Escala corta (Layover)
A short wait between connecting flights, typically under 24 hours
Itinerario multiciudad (Multi-City Itinerary)
A travel itinerary visiting multiple destinations before returning home
Vuelo sin escalas (Nonstop Flight)
A flight from origin to destination without any intermediate stops
Billete de ida (One-Way Ticket)
A ticket for travel in one direction only, without a return flight
Billete open-jaw (Open Jaw)
An itinerary where the departure city differs from the arrival city on the return trip
Vuelo de ojos rojos (Red-Eye Flight)
An overnight flight departing late at night and arriving early the next morning
Vuelo de pago (Revenue Flight)
A flight booked with cash payment as opposed to an award (miles-based) booking
Viaje de ida y vuelta (Round Trip)
A journey from an origin to a destination and back to the origin
Escala larga (Stopover)
A planned break in a journey lasting 24 hours or more at an intermediate point
Visa de tránsito (Transit Visa)
A visa required for passing through a country's airport while connecting to another destination
Seguro de viaje (Travel Insurance)
Insurance coverage for unexpected events during travel including cancellation and medical emergencies
Visa a la llegada (VOA: Visa on Arrival)
A visa obtained at the destination airport's immigration counter rather than in advance
Geografía aeronáutica (20)
Rumbo (Bearing)
The horizontal direction from one point to another, measured in degrees from true north
Espacio aéreo continental (Continental Airspace)
Airspace over a continent's landmass, typically better served by radar and communications
Hora universal coordinada (UTC: Coordinated Universal Time)
The primary time standard for regulating clocks and aviation worldwide (also called Zulu time)
Corredor de vuelo (Flight Corridor)
A designated airspace pathway commonly used for routing flights between regions
Distancia ortodrómica (GCD: Great Circle Distance)
The shortest distance between two points on Earth, following the curvature of the globe
Hemisferio (Hemisphere)
One half of the Earth divided by the equator (N/S) or Prime Meridian (E/W)
Línea de cambio de fecha internacional (IDL: International Date Line)
An imaginary line roughly along the 180° meridian where the calendar date changes
Ruta del Canguro (Kangaroo Route)
The air route between Australia and the United Kingdom, historically via multiple stops in Asia
Nudo (kt: Knot)
A unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour, used in aviation and maritime
Latitud (Latitude)
The angular distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees
Longitud (Longitude)
The angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees
Variación magnética (Magnetic Variation)
The angular difference between true north and magnetic north at a given location
Milla náutica (NM: Nautical Mile)
A unit of distance equal to one minute of latitude, approximately 1.852 km
Espacio aéreo oceánico (Oceanic Airspace)
Airspace over oceans where radar coverage is limited, requiring procedural separation
Ruta Polar (Polar Route)
An air route passing near the North or South Pole, shortening distances between certain cities
Milla Estatutaria (SM: Statute Mile)
A unit of distance equal to 5,280 feet or approximately 1.609 km
Zona horaria (Time Zone)
A geographic region observing a uniform standard time, typically offset from UTC
Ruta Transatlántica (Transatlantic Route)
An air route crossing the Atlantic Ocean, connecting Europe/Africa with the Americas
Ruta Transpacífica (Transpacific Route)
An air route crossing the Pacific Ocean, connecting Asia/Oceania with the Americas
Trópico de Cáncer (Tropic of Cancer)
The northernmost latitude (23.5°N) where the sun can be directly overhead