Glossaire de l'aviation
255255 termes répartis en 12 catégories
Infrastructure aéroportuaire (25)
Éclairage d'aérodrome (AGL: Airfield Lighting)
The system of lights on runways, taxiways, and aprons that guide aircraft during low visibility
Caserne de pompiers de l'aéroport (ARFF: Airport Fire Station)
Airport Rescue and Firefighting facility providing emergency response for aircraft incidents
Tablier (Apron)
The area of an airport where aircraft are parked, loaded, fueled, and boarded
Système de manutention des bagages (BHS: Baggage Handling System)
The network of conveyors and sorting equipment that moves luggage within an airport
Clôture anti-souffle (Blast Fence)
A barrier designed to redirect jet engine exhaust away from people and structures on the apron
Terminal de fret (Cargo Terminal)
A specialized airport facility for handling freight and mail shipments
Salle d’embarquement (Concourse)
A section of a terminal containing gates for aircraft boarding and deplaning
Tour de contrôle (TWR: Control Tower)
The facility at an airport from which air traffic controllers direct aircraft movements
Tampon de dégivrage (De-Icing Pad)
A designated area where aircraft are treated with de-icing fluid before takeoff in cold weather
Seuil de déplacement (Displaced Threshold)
A threshold not located at the beginning of the full-strength runway surface
Opérateur de base fixe (FBO: Fixed-Base Operator)
A commercial business granted the right to operate at an airport providing aeronautical services
Parc à combustible (Fuel Farm)
An airport facility that stores and distributes aviation fuel to aircraft
Porte (Gate)
A designated area at an airport where passengers board and deplane aircraft
Hangar aéronautique (Hangar)
An enclosed building structure to hold aircraft for maintenance or storage
Baie de rétention (Holding Bay)
A designated area near the runway where aircraft wait before receiving takeoff clearance
Antenne de localisation ILS (LOC: ILS Localizer Antenna)
A ground-based radio transmitter providing horizontal guidance for precision approaches
Pont à réaction (Jet Bridge)
An enclosed, movable connector between an airport terminal gate and an aircraft door
PAPI (PAPI)
Precision Approach Path Indicator — a visual aid providing glidepath guidance during approach
Piste (RWY: Runway)
A defined rectangular surface on an airport prepared for aircraft takeoff and landing
Zone de sécurité d’extrémité de piste (RESA: Runway End Safety Area)
An area beyond the runway end intended to reduce risk of damage to aircraft undershooting or overrunning
Seuil de piste (Runway Threshold)
The beginning of the usable portion of a runway for landing
Arrêt d'arrêt (SWY: Stopway)
An area beyond the takeoff runway designated for decelerating an aircraft during an aborted takeoff
Voie de circulation (TWY: Taxiway)
A defined path on an airport for aircraft to travel between runways and aprons
Terminal aeroportuaire (Terminal)
A building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground and air transportation
Manche à air (Windsock)
A conical textile tube mounted on an airport that indicates wind direction and approximate speed
Codes et classification des aéroports (18)
Catégorie d'aéroport (Airport Category)
The classification system used to categorize airports by size, traffic, and facilities
Élévation de l'aéroport (ELEV: Airport Elevation)
The highest point of an airport's usable landing area measured above mean sea level
Point de référence de l'aéroport (ARP: Airport Reference Point)
The designated geographical center of an airport used for identification and coordination
Identifiant d'emplacement FAA (FAA LID: FAA Location Identifier)
A 3-4 character identifier used by the FAA for airports and navigation aids in the US
Ville ciblée (Focus City)
An airport where an airline operates significant point-to-point service without full hub operations
Aéroport d'aviation générale (GA: General Aviation Airport)
An airport primarily serving non-scheduled and private aircraft operations
Héliport (Heliport)
An area of land or a structure used for helicopter takeoff, landing, and parking
Aéroport Hub (Hub Airport)
An airport that serves as a transfer point for connecting flights, typically for one or more airlines
Code IATA (IATA: IATA Code)
A three-letter code assigned by IATA to identify airports worldwide
Code OACI (ICAO: ICAO Code)
A four-character alphanumeric code assigned by ICAO for airports and airfields
Aéroport international (International Airport)
An airport with customs and immigration facilities that handles international flights
Grand aéroport (Large Airport)
An airport with substantial scheduled airline operations and high passenger volume
Aéroport moyen (Medium Airport)
An airport with moderate levels of commercial and general aviation activity
Aéroport de secours (Reliever Airport)
An airport designated to reduce congestion at a major commercial airport
Service programmé (Scheduled Service)
Regularly operated commercial flights that run on published timetables
Base d'hydravion (Seaplane Base)
A facility on water for the takeoff, landing, and servicing of seaplanes and amphibious aircraft
Aéroport contrôlé par créneaux horaires (Slot-Controlled Airport)
An airport where takeoff and landing slots are allocated to airlines due to capacity constraints
Petit aéroport (Small Airport)
An airport with limited aviation activity, often serving general aviation
Opérations de vol (22)
Bloquer le carburant (Block Fuel)
The total fuel required for a flight from engine start to engine shutdown
Temps de blocage (Block Time)
The total time from gate departure to gate arrival, including taxiing and airborne time
Montée (Climb)
The phase of flight where an aircraft gains altitude after takeoff
Atterrissage par vent traversier (Crosswind Landing)
A landing technique used when wind blows perpendicular to the runway direction
Croisière (Cruise)
The phase of flight at a relatively constant altitude and speed between climb and descent
Descente (Descent)
The phase of flight where an aircraft reduces altitude as it approaches the destination
Déroutement (Diversion)
A change in route to land at an airport other than the intended destination
ETOPS (ETOPS)
Extended-range Twin-engine Operations — rules governing how far twin-engine aircraft can fly from airports
Vol en ferry (Ferry Flight)
A non-revenue flight for repositioning an aircraft to another airport
Arrondi (Flare)
A pitch-up maneuver performed just before touchdown to reduce descent rate
Plan de vol (FPL: Flight Plan)
A document filed with air traffic control detailing the intended route, altitude, and timing of a flight
Remise des gaz (Go-Around)
An aborted landing where the aircraft applies full power and climbs away from the runway
Itinéraire du Grand Cercle (GCR: Great Circle Route)
The shortest path between two points on the Earth's surface, commonly used in long-haul aviation
Circuit d'attente (Holding Pattern)
A racetrack-shaped flight path used to delay an aircraft's approach to an airport
Atterrissage (Landing)
The final phase of flight where an aircraft descends to the runway surface
Vol de positionnement (Positioning Flight)
A flight to move crew or aircraft to a location needed for operational purposes
Ligne de rhume (Rhumb Line)
A path crossing all meridians at the same angle, appearing straight on a Mercator projection
Vitesse de rotation (Vr) (Vr: Rotation (Vr))
The speed at which the pilot pulls back on the controls to lift the aircraft's nose during takeoff
Décollage (Takeoff)
The phase of flight in which an aircraft accelerates and becomes airborne
Arrêt technique (Technical Stop)
An intermediate landing for refueling or maintenance rather than passenger purposes
Délai d'exécution (Turnaround Time)
The time required to unload, service, and reload an aircraft between arrival and departure
Temps de mise en route (Wheels-Up Time)
The moment an aircraft lifts off the runway and becomes fully airborne
Expérience passager (22)
Salon d'aéroport (Airport Lounge)
A premium waiting area offering comfortable seating, food, drinks, and amenities
Contrôle automatisé des passeports (APC: Automated Passport Control)
Self-service kiosks that expedite immigration processing for eligible passengers
Récupération des bagages (Baggage Claim)
The area in an airport where arriving passengers collect their checked luggage
Embarquement (Boarding)
The process of passengers entering the aircraft before departure
Carte d'embarquement (Boarding Pass)
A document providing authorization to board an aircraft for a specific flight
Bagage à main (Carry-On Baggage)
Luggage small enough to be stowed in the overhead bin or under the seat
Bagages enregistrés (Checked Baggage)
Luggage surrendered at check-in to be transported in the aircraft's cargo hold
Enregistrement (Check-In)
The process of confirming a passenger's presence and obtaining a boarding pass
Douane (Customs)
Government checkpoints where goods brought into a country are inspected and duties assessed
Embarquement refusé (Denied Boarding)
When a passenger with a confirmed reservation is not allowed to board due to overbooking
Achats hors taxes (Duty-Free Shopping)
Retail outlets in international departure areas exempt from local taxes and duties
Entrée mondiale (Global Entry)
A US Customs program for expedited clearance for pre-approved, low-risk travelers
Contrôle de l’immigration (Immigration)
Border control points where passports and visas are checked for international arrivals
Temps de connexion minimum (MCT: Minimum Connection Time)
The shortest allowed time between connecting flights at a specific airport
Survente (surréservation) (Oversale (Overbooking))
The airline practice of selling more tickets than available seats to account for no-shows
Dossier du passager (PNR: Passenger Name Record)
A record in the airline reservation system containing passenger itinerary and contact information
Pré-dédouanement (Pre-Clearance)
US customs and immigration processing completed at a foreign airport before departure
Embarquement prioritaire (Priority Boarding)
Early aircraft boarding privilege given to premium class passengers or loyalty program members
Contrôle de sécurité (Security Screening)
The process of checking passengers and baggage for prohibited items before entering secure areas
Transfert (Transfer)
Changing from one flight to another at a connecting airport
Transit (côté piste) (Transit (Airside))
Remaining in the secure area of an airport between connecting flights without passing through immigration
Mineur non accompagné (UM: Unaccompanied Minor)
A child traveling without an adult passenger who receives special airline supervision
Opérations des compagnies aériennes (20)
Alliance aérienne (Airline Alliance)
A partnership of airlines that cooperate on routes, frequent flyer programs, and lounge access
Siège kilométrique disponible (ASK: Available Seat Kilometer)
The total passenger capacity of an airline measured in seats multiplied by distance flown
Compagnie aérienne charter (Charter Airline)
An airline that operates flights booked by travel agencies or tour operators rather than scheduled services
Partage de code (Codeshare)
An agreement where two or more airlines share the same flight under different flight numbers
Location sèche (Dry Lease)
An aircraft lease providing only the aircraft, without crew or operational support
Compagnie aérienne d’apport (Feeder Airline)
A regional airline that transports passengers to and from a larger carrier's hub
Porte-drapeau (Flag Carrier)
An airline that is designated to represent and carry the flag of its home country
Droits acquis (Grandfather Rights)
The principle allowing airlines to retain airport slots based on historical usage
Modèle en étoile (Hub-and-Spoke Model)
An airline network model routing most flights through a central hub airport
Accord interligne (Interline Agreement)
An agreement allowing passengers to use a single ticket for journeys involving multiple airlines
Facteur de charge (LF: Load Factor)
The percentage of available seats on an aircraft that are filled with passengers
Transporteur à bas prix (LCC: Low-Cost Carrier)
An airline operating with a lower cost structure and offering lower fares than full-service carriers
oneworld
A global airline alliance founded in 1999, members include American Airlines, British Airways, Qantas
Modèle point à point (Point-to-Point Model)
An airline network model where flights connect cities directly without routing through a hub
Passagers-kilomètres payants (RPK: Revenue Passenger Kilometer)
A measure of airline traffic calculated as passengers carried multiplied by distance flown
Emplacement (emplacement aéroport) (Slot (Airport Slot))
A scheduled time allocation for an airline to use airport infrastructure for takeoff or landing
Star Alliance
The world's largest airline alliance founded in 1997, members include United, Lufthansa, ANA
Transporteur à très faible coût (ULCC: Ultra-Low-Cost Carrier)
An airline with the most stripped-down fares, charging separately for nearly all services
Bail avec équipage (Wet Lease)
An aircraft lease that includes the aircraft, crew, maintenance, and insurance (ACMI)
Rendement (Yield)
Average revenue per passenger-kilometer, a key airline profitability metric
Aéronefs et ingénierie (24)
Unité de puissance auxiliaire (APU: Auxiliary Power Unit)
A small engine on the aircraft that provides electrical power and air conditioning on the ground
Avionique (Avionics)
The electronic systems used in aircraft including navigation, communication, and flight management
Purger l'air (Bleed Air)
Compressed air extracted from the jet engine compressor used for cabin pressurization and de-icing
Matériaux composites (Composite Materials)
Advanced lightweight materials (carbon fiber, fiberglass) used in modern aircraft construction
Empennage (Section Queue) (Empennage (Tail Section))
The tail assembly of an aircraft including horizontal stabilizer, vertical fin, and control surfaces
Note ETOPS (ETOPS Rating)
The certified maximum time a twin-engine aircraft may fly from a suitable diversion airport
Système de gestion de vol (FMS: Flight Management System)
A computer system that automates navigation, performance optimization, and flight planning
Vol électrique (FBW: Fly-By-Wire)
A system replacing manual flight controls with electronic signals sent to actuators
Cellule (fuselage) (Fuselage)
The main body structure of an aircraft that holds crew, passengers, and cargo
Train d'atterrissage (Landing Gear)
The undercarriage system of wheels, struts, and brakes supporting the aircraft on the ground
Nombre de Mach (M: Mach Number)
The ratio of the aircraft's speed to the speed of sound in the surrounding atmosphere
Masse maximale au décollage (MTOW: Maximum Takeoff Weight)
The maximum weight at which the pilot is allowed to attempt takeoff
Avion à fuselage étroit (Narrow-Body Aircraft)
A single-aisle aircraft typically seating 100-240 passengers for short/medium-haul flights
Pressurisation (Pressurization)
The process of maintaining a safe atmospheric pressure inside the aircraft cabin at high altitudes
Portée (avion) (Range (Aircraft))
The maximum distance an aircraft can fly without refueling
Jet régional (RJ: Regional Jet)
A small jet aircraft typically seating 50-100 passengers for short-haul routes
Plafond de service (Service Ceiling)
The maximum altitude at which an aircraft can sustain a specified rate of climb
Vitesse de décrochage (Vs: Stall Speed)
The minimum speed at which an aircraft can maintain level flight
Système d'évitement des collisions routières (TCAS: Traffic Collision Avoidance System)
An airborne system that detects other transponder-equipped aircraft and provides resolution advisories
Moteur à double flux (Turbofan Engine)
A jet engine that uses a ducted fan to produce thrust, the most common type on commercial aircraft
Turbopropulseur (Turboprop)
An aircraft powered by a gas turbine engine driving a propeller, efficient at lower speeds
Turbomoteur (Turboshaft Engine)
A gas turbine engine optimized to produce shaft power, primarily used in helicopters
Avion gros porteur (Wide-Body Aircraft)
A twin-aisle aircraft typically seating 200-600 passengers for medium/long-haul flights
Aileron (Winglet)
A vertical or angled extension at the tip of an aircraft wing that reduces drag
Météorologie aéronautique (18)
Plafond nuageux (Ceiling)
The height of the lowest layer of clouds covering more than half the sky
Turbulence en air clair (CAT: Clear Air Turbulence)
Turbulence occurring in cloudless areas, often near jet streams, invisible to radar
Vent de travers (Crosswind)
A wind blowing perpendicular to the direction of travel or runway alignment
Brouillard (Fog)
Visibility-reducing water droplets suspended near the surface, a major cause of airport delays
Vent contraire (Headwind)
A wind blowing directly opposite to the direction of aircraft travel, reducing ground speed
Givrage (Icing)
The accumulation of ice on aircraft surfaces during flight through supercooled water droplets
Courant-jet (Jet Stream)
A narrow band of strong winds (100-200 kt) at high altitudes affecting flight times and routing
METAR (METAR)
Aviation Routine Weather Report — a standardized format for reporting current weather conditions
Compte rendu pilote (PIREP: Pilot Report)
An in-flight weather report provided by a pilot describing actual conditions encountered
QNH (QNH)
The atmospheric pressure adjusted to mean sea level, used for altimeter setting
SIGMET (SIGMET)
Significant Meteorological Information — a warning of severe weather hazardous to all aircraft
Vent arrière (Tailwind)
A wind blowing in the same direction as the aircraft's travel, increasing ground speed
Prévision d’aérodrome terminal (TAF: Terminal Aerodrome Forecast)
A weather forecast for the area around an airport, typically covering a 24-30 hour period
Orage (Cumulonimbus) (CB: Thunderstorm (Cumulonimbus))
A convective weather system producing lightning, turbulence, hail, and heavy precipitation
Turbulences (Turbulence)
Irregular atmospheric motion causing sudden changes in an aircraft's altitude or attitude
Visibilité (VIS: Visibility)
The greatest distance at which prominent objects can be identified with the unaided eye
Nuage de cendres volcaniques (Volcanic Ash Cloud)
Fine rock particles from volcanic eruptions that can damage jet engines and aircraft systems
Cisaillement du vent (Wind Shear)
A sudden change in wind speed or direction over a short distance, hazardous during takeoff and landing
Sécurité et réglementation (22)
Certificat de navigabilité (Airworthiness Certificate)
An official document certifying that an aircraft meets safety standards and is fit to fly
Frappe d'oiseau (Bird Strike)
A collision between an airborne animal and an aircraft, posing risk to engines and windscreens
Boîte noire (enregistreur de vol) (FDR/CVR: Black Box (Flight Recorder))
The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder that capture flight parameters and audio
Impact sur le terrain sans contrôle (CFIT: Controlled Flight Into Terrain)
An accident where an airworthy aircraft is flown into terrain, water, or an obstacle
Gestion des ressources de l'équipage (CRM: Crew Resource Management)
Training methodology that improves teamwork, communication, and decision-making among flight crew
Évacuation d'urgence (Emergency Evacuation)
The rapid deployment of passengers from an aircraft via emergency exits and slides
Sortie de secours (Emergency Exit)
A specially designed door or window on an aircraft that can be opened quickly for evacuation
GPWS amélioré (EGPWS: Enhanced GPWS)
An advanced terrain awareness system combining GPS data with a terrain database
Agence de la sécurité aérienne de l'Union européenne (EASA: European Union Aviation Safety Agency)
The EU agency responsible for civil aviation safety regulation
Administration fédérale de l'aviation (FAA: Federal Aviation Administration)
The US government agency responsible for regulating civil aviation
Système d'extinction d'incendie (Fire Suppression System)
Aircraft systems designed to detect and extinguish fires in engines, cargo holds, and lavatories
Système d'avertissement de proximité du sol (GPWS: Ground Proximity Warning System)
An aircraft system that alerts pilots when the aircraft is in dangerous proximity to terrain
Association du transport aérien international (IATA: International Air Transport Association)
The trade association representing airlines worldwide, managing codes and standards
Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale (ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization)
The UN specialized agency managing international civil aviation standards and regulations
Gilet de sauvetage (Life Vest)
A personal flotation device stored under each aircraft seat for use in water emergencies
MAYDAY
The international distress signal indicating grave and imminent danger requiring immediate assistance
Avis aux missions aériennes (NOTAM: Notice to Air Missions)
A notice filed with aviation authorities to alert pilots of hazards or changes along a flight route
PAN-PAN
The international urgency signal indicating a condition requiring assistance but not immediate danger
Incursion sur piste (Runway Incursion)
Any occurrence involving unauthorized presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on a runway
Système de gestion de la sécurité (SMS: Safety Management System)
A systematic approach to managing aviation safety including organizational structures and policies
Administration de la sécurité des transports (TSA: Transportation Security Administration)
The US agency responsible for security of transportation systems, particularly airports
Turbulences de sillage (Wake Turbulence)
Air disturbance caused by an aircraft's wingtip vortices, hazardous to following aircraft
Contrôle du trafic aérien (20)
Contrôle du trafic aérien (ATC: Air Traffic Control)
The ground-based service that directs aircraft on the ground and in the air to maintain safe separation
Contrôle d'approche (APP: Approach Control)
The ATC facility responsible for aircraft in the terminal area around an airport
Centre de contrôle régional (ACC: Area Control Center)
The ATC facility responsible for aircraft in en-route airspace between terminal areas
Surveillance dépendante automatique-diffusion (ADS-B: Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast)
A surveillance technology where aircraft broadcast GPS position and other data
Service automatique d’information terminale (ATIS: Automatic Terminal Information Service)
A continuous broadcast of recorded airport information including weather, runways, and NOTAMs
Autorisation ATC (Clearance)
An authorization from ATC for an aircraft to proceed under specified conditions
Liaison de données contrôleur-pilote (CPDLC: Controller-Pilot Data Link)
A text-based communication system between pilots and ATC supplementing voice radio
Bande de progression de vol (Flight Progress Strip)
A paper or electronic record displaying essential information about an individual flight
Contrôle de flux (Flow Control)
ATC measures to regulate the rate of aircraft entering a sector or airport to prevent overload
Contrôle au sol (GND: Ground Control)
The ATC position responsible for aircraft and vehicles on airport taxiways and ramps
Arrêt au sol (Ground Stop)
A traffic management procedure halting departures to a specific airport
Transfert (Handoff)
The transfer of radar identification and communication between ATC sectors or facilities
Régulation de flux (Metering)
The controlled timing of aircraft to manage arrival flow at busy airports
Radars (Radar)
Radio detection and ranging technology used to track aircraft positions and weather
Communication radio (Radio Communication)
Voice communication between pilots and ATC using VHF or HF radio frequencies
SELCAL (SELCAL)
Selective Calling — a system that alerts a specific aircraft that a ground station wants to communicate
Séparation (Separation)
The minimum required spacing between aircraft to prevent collision
Ordonnancement du trafic (Sequencing)
The process of arranging arriving aircraft in an orderly line for approach and landing
Contrôle de la tour (TWR: Tower Control)
The ATC position responsible for aircraft on or near the runway and in the immediate airport area
Guidage radar (Vectoring)
ATC directing an aircraft to fly specific headings for traffic sequencing or separation
Planification de voyage (22)
Vol prime (Award Flight)
A flight booked using frequent flyer miles or points rather than money
Classe cabine (Cabin Class)
The service tier on an aircraft: Economy, Premium Economy, Business, or First Class
Vol de correspondance (Connecting Flight)
A flight that requires changing aircraft at an intermediate airport
Vol de repositionnement (deadhead) (Dead-Head)
An airline crew member traveling as a passenger to reach their next working assignment
Vol direct (Direct Flight)
A flight that does not require a change of aircraft, but may include intermediate stops
Visa électronique (e-Visa: Electronic Visa)
A visa obtained through an online application before travel
Vol les yeux dans le ciel (Eye-in-the-Sky Flight)
A westbound daytime long-haul flight that appears to chase the sun
Classe tarifaire (code de réservation) (Fare Class (Booking Code))
A letter code identifying the fare type and conditions of a ticket
Programme de fidélisation (FFP: Frequent Flyer Program)
An airline loyalty program rewarding regular travelers with miles, points, and elite benefits
Décalage horaire (Jet Lag)
Fatigue and disorientation from rapid travel across multiple time zones
Escale (Layover)
A short wait between connecting flights, typically under 24 hours
Itinéraire multi-villes (Multi-City Itinerary)
A travel itinerary visiting multiple destinations before returning home
Vol sans escale (Nonstop Flight)
A flight from origin to destination without any intermediate stops
Billet aller simple (One-Way Ticket)
A ticket for travel in one direction only, without a return flight
Mâchoire ouverte (Open Jaw)
An itinerary where the departure city differs from the arrival city on the return trip
Vol yeux rouges (Red-Eye Flight)
An overnight flight departing late at night and arriving early the next morning
Vol de revenus (Revenue Flight)
A flight booked with cash payment as opposed to an award (miles-based) booking
Aller-retour (Round Trip)
A journey from an origin to a destination and back to the origin
Escale (Stopover)
A planned break in a journey lasting 24 hours or more at an intermediate point
Visa de transit (Transit Visa)
A visa required for passing through a country's airport while connecting to another destination
Assurance voyage (Travel Insurance)
Insurance coverage for unexpected events during travel including cancellation and medical emergencies
Visa à l'arrivée (VOA: Visa on Arrival)
A visa obtained at the destination airport's immigration counter rather than in advance
Géographie aéronautique (20)
Cap (Bearing)
The horizontal direction from one point to another, measured in degrees from true north
Espace aérien continental (Continental Airspace)
Airspace over a continent's landmass, typically better served by radar and communications
Temps universel coordonné (UTC: Coordinated Universal Time)
The primary time standard for regulating clocks and aviation worldwide (also called Zulu time)
Couloir de vol (Flight Corridor)
A designated airspace pathway commonly used for routing flights between regions
Distance orthodromique (GCD: Great Circle Distance)
The shortest distance between two points on Earth, following the curvature of the globe
Hémisphère (Hemisphere)
One half of the Earth divided by the equator (N/S) or Prime Meridian (E/W)
Ligne de date internationale (IDL: International Date Line)
An imaginary line roughly along the 180° meridian where the calendar date changes
Route des Kangourous (Kangaroo Route)
The air route between Australia and the United Kingdom, historically via multiple stops in Asia
Nœud (kt: Knot)
A unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour, used in aviation and maritime
Latitude géographique (Latitude)
The angular distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees
Longitude géographique (Longitude)
The angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees
Variation magnétique (Magnetic Variation)
The angular difference between true north and magnetic north at a given location
Mile nautique (NM: Nautical Mile)
A unit of distance equal to one minute of latitude, approximately 1.852 km
Espace aérien océanique (Oceanic Airspace)
Airspace over oceans where radar coverage is limited, requiring procedural separation
Route polaire (Polar Route)
An air route passing near the North or South Pole, shortening distances between certain cities
Mille statutaire (SM: Statute Mile)
A unit of distance equal to 5,280 feet or approximately 1.609 km
Fuseau horaire (Time Zone)
A geographic region observing a uniform standard time, typically offset from UTC
Route transatlantique (Transatlantic Route)
An air route crossing the Atlantic Ocean, connecting Europe/Africa with the Americas
Route transpacifique (Transpacific Route)
An air route crossing the Pacific Ocean, connecting Asia/Oceania with the Americas
Tropique du Cancer (Tropic of Cancer)
The northernmost latitude (23.5°N) where the sun can be directly overhead